C1: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

What did the Ancient Greeks discover about the atom?

the first idea of tiny particles (atoms)

What did John Dalton discover about the atom?

atomic theory

What did J.J. Thompson discover about the atom?

electrons - plum pudding model

What did Ernest Rutherford discover about the atom?

large empty space (nucleus)

What did Niels Bohr discover about the atom?

the idea of shells

What did Chadwick discover about the atom?

Neutrons

What is the plum pudding model?

positive ball of charge, with electrons scattered across the ball

What is the nuclear model?

a positive nucleus in the centre, which alpha particles could bounce off

most of the atom is empty space

What is the charge of an electron?

negative

What is the charge of a proton?

positive

What is the charge of a neutron?

neutral

What is the mass of an electron?

1/2000

What is the mass of a proton and neutron?

1

What are isotopes?

An element with the same number of proton and electrons but a different number neutrons

How many electrons does the first shell have when drawing atoms

2

How many electrons do the 2nd and 3rd shell have, in drawing atoms?

8 each

How many electrons does the 4th shell have in drawing atoms?

14

What does the group tell us about the number of electrons in the drawing of atoms?

how many atoms are in the outer shell

What is the overall charge of an atom?

neutral charge

What doo you have to remember when drawing ions?

bracket

put correct charge

full outer shell

What is the charge of nitrate - NO₃?

-1

What is the charge of hydroxide - OH?

-1

What is the charge of sulphate - SO₄?

-2

What is the charge of carbonate - CO₃?

-2

What is the charge for phosphate - PO₄?

-3

What is the charge for Ammonia - NH₃?

0

What is the charge for Ammonium - NH₄?

+1

What is simple distillation?

separating a liquid from a solution

What is fractional distillation?

separating a mixture of liquid

What special equipment is used in fractional distillation?

a fractionating column (glass rods from bottom to top)

What is an element?

a substance made of 1 type of atom

What is a compound?

a substance made of 2 or more different element/compounds, chemically bonded

What is a mixture?

a substance made of 2 or more different element/compounds, not chemically bonded (easy to separate)

What does insoluble mean?

doesn’t dissolve

What is filtration?

separating as insoluble from a liquid

What is chromatography?

coloured solvent dissolve in a solvent, as travel up the paper

What is crystallisation?

when a solution is boiled, water is evaporated, leaving solid crystals

How did John Dalton arrange the periodic table?

Based on atomic weight

How did John Newland arrange the periodic table?

every 8th element was similar when arranged by mass - octaves (only work up until calcium)

How did Dmitri Mendeleev arrange the periodic table?

by relative mass - left gaps for undiscovered elements

What must you keep the same during a symbol equation?

the number of each atoms on both sides

What is the state symbol for solid?

S

What is the state symbol for liquid?

L

What is the state symbol for gasses?

g

What is the state symbol for aqueous solutions?

aq

What are the properties of alkali metals?

soft,

not very dense

reactive - stored in water,

conduct electricity and heat

shinny then dull

low melting/boiling points

What are the properties for other metals

used in building material,

conducts heat and electricity,

shiny,

high melting/ boiling points

What happen as you go down group 1?

number of shells increase,

weaker nuclear attraction

easier to lose an electron

What is group 7 called in atom form?

halogen

What is group 7 called when in ion form?

Halide

What happens as you go down group 7?

more electrons

Stronger intermolecular forces

requires more energy to break intermolecular forces

therefore, higher melting/boiling points

What are some properties for transition metals?

good conductors

strong

very dense

What is the reactivity of transition metals?

low