Microbio Test 2

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metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

catabolism

set of chemical reactions that degrade compounds releasing their energy

anabolism (biosynthesis)

set of chemical reactions that cells use to synthesize and assemble the subunits of macromolecules

atp in catabolism

is used in anabolism

precursor metabolites

chemicals that link catabolic and anabolic processes

-serve as carbon skeletons for building macromolecules

ex) Pyruvate can be converted into amino acids

heterotroph

source of carbon is organic molecules

autotroph

source of carbon is CO2

chemotroph

source of energy is redox reactions

phototroph

source of energy is light

organo

source of electron is organic molecules

litho

source of electrons is inorganic molecules

endergonic reactions

require energy

exergonic reactions

release energy

enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions

phosphorylation

ATP breaks down into ADP and the remaining phosphate can activate other chemical reactions

glycolysis

coverts glucose into pyruvate

energy is made through

photophosphorylation,

oxidative phosphorylation,

substrate-level phosphorylation

reducing power/ electron shuttling

NADH- catabolism

-often used to generate proton motive force for ATP synthesis

less sugar

lower lactic acid production and glucan production

increase sugar

increase lactic acid and glucan production

-increases potential of enamel destruction

DNA replication

duplicates the DNA molecule so its encoded information can be passed on to the next generation

-3-5 leading strand - continuos

5-3 lagging strand - discontinuous (Okazaki fragments)

helicase

unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between A -T/U and C-G

DNA polymerase

adds nucleotides on to DNA strands

single-strand binding proteins

coat the separated strands of DNA near the replication fork to keep them from coming back together

primase

makes an RNA rimer to the template that provides a 3’ end for DNA polymerase to work on