BIOMI PRELIM 2 COMBINATION

Athlete's foot is caused by...?

1. a virus infection

2. a fungal infection known as ringworm

3. a bacterial infection

4. a type of proozoa

a fungal infection known as ringworm

How does the fungus that synthesizes penicillin act to block growth of bacteria?

1. blocks DNA synthesis

2. blocks RNA synthesis

3. blocks cell wall synthesis

4. blocks protein synthesis

blocks cell wall synthesis

What is a mycotoxin? More than one answer may be correct.

1. a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

2. a toxin produced by bacteria

3. a type of fungi used as a food ingredient

4. a fungal toxin that, when consumed, can cause neurological disorders and other health problems

-a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

-a fungal toxin that, when consumed can cause neurological disorders and other health problems,

How do fungi make fruit soften?

1. attack fruit

2. wait for someone else to soften the fruit for them

3. secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

4. no answer is correct

secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

Which of the following is true about mycelium:

-Help keep the forest healthy

-Found in the soil

all answers are correct

-Passes nutrients and other compounds to tree roots

All answers are correct

What types of microbes in pools can cause human infections?

1. eukaryotic parasites

2. bacteria

3. viruses

4. all of these

All of these

Which of the following methods would be the best way to count how many bacteria there are in a sample?

-Just add bacteria to a petri dish and count what grows!

-Use a light microscope

-Use fluorescent stain and count number of bacteria

-No answer is correct

Use fluorescent stain and count number of bacteria

Which types of bacteria do we often find in a swimming pool? Mycobacteria, skin bacteria, or fecal bacteria?

1. mycobacteria

2. skin bacteria

3. fecal bacteria

4. All answers are correct.

All answers are correct

Why are both pH and chlorine levels monitored and adjusted at swimming pools?

1. to prevent the filters from clogging

2. to avoid causing skin rashes

3. to ensure that chlorine maintains its disinfecting properties

4. to degrade pills that wash off swimmers’ bodies

To ensure that chlorine maintains its disinfecting properties

Most pathogenic bacteria do not live longer than 1 day in a swimming pool. Can they still cause infections?

1. Yes, the chlorine actually makes them more infectious.

2. No, because bacteriophage may make the remaining bacteria incapable of causing infections.

3. Yes, contact through skin breaks, swallowing pool water, or inhaling aerosols can still result in infection

4. No, even if they survive, they are no longer infectious.

Yes, contact through skin breaks, swallowing pool water, or inhaling aerosols can still result in infection

What causes body odor?

1. deodorants 

2. pure sweat!

3. commensal microbes metabolize sweat into stinky compounds

4. soap

commensal microbes metabolize sweat into stinky compounds

What are volatile organic compounds?

• produced by microbes such as Corynebacterium

• travel through the air, or

• include volatile fatty acids and thioalcohols?

• all answers are corrct — choose all that apply

All answers are correct

How do deodorants work?

1. No answer is correct

2. They release volatile organic compounds

3. They kill microbes

4. They block sweat glands

They kill microbes

Choose the best answer: body odor arises from which of the following locations?

1. Anywhere with apocrine sweat glands

2. Anywhere with eccrine sweat glands

3. Armpits only

4. Groin only

Anywhere with aprocrine sweat glands

How can body odor be used to diagnose infections and disease?

2. No answer is correct

3. only works for diseases carried by mosquitoes

4. there is no way to diagnose differences

5. specific volatiles are released from skin of people with disease

specific volatiles are released from skin of people with disease

Where on the tree of life do we find pathogens that cause STIs?

Bacteria (Proteobacteria, Spirocheotota, Chlamydiota)

What is a unique feature of spirochetes?

1. they have chloroplasts.

2. they have a nucleus.

3. they have edoflagella

4. they have ribosomes.

they have endoflagella

What is a secondary sign of syphilis?

1. acne on face

2. rash all over body

3. a cough

4. rash on palms of hands and soles of feet

rash on palms of hands and soles of feet

How does Syphilis evade the immune system?

1. its outer sheath contains compounds which look like human compounds

2. it eats white blood cells

3. it produces a lot of membrane proteins

4. it produces toxins

it's outer sheath contains compounds which look like human compounds

Which of the following produce spore like elementary bodies that enhance the survival of the pathogen when transmitted between hosts:

1. Trichomonas,

2. Treponema,

3. Chlamydia,

4. Gonorrhea?

Chlamydia

Which of the following is true about Chlamydia? Choose all that apply:

1. There is a functional vaccine

2. Its prevalence is greater in college-age women than in college-age men

3. It is a fungus that cannot be treated with traditional antibiotics

4. it enters and reprograms the host cell

Its prevalence is greater in college-age women than in college-age men

It enters and reprograms the host cell

Where on the tree of life do we find viruses?

-Eukaryotes

-Bacteria

-Archaea

-None of the above

None of the above

All viruses contain which of the following (multiple answers)?

-protein

-enzymes

-nucleic acid

-lipid envelope

protein and nucleic acid

The Baltimore viral classification system is based on which of the following?

-The type of genetic material

-What organisms the virus infects

-The way the viral genome is replicated

-Whether or not it has a host derived "envelope"

The type of genetic material

Which of the following are true about HIV that causes AIDS?

-Requires reverse transcriptase

- It integrates its genome into the host's genome

-It can be treated with antiviral drugs

-All answers are correct

-All answers are correct

How is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) distinct from Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?

-HSV has a lipid envelope while HPV does not

-HSV can travel through nerve cells while HPV infects epithelial cells

-Only HPV has an effective vaccine

-HSV has a linear genome whereas HPV has a circular genome

-All answers are correct

All answers are correct

The specificity of viral attack of specific cells, tissues, and hosts is called which of the following?

-Transcription

-Transposition

-Translation

-Tropism

Tropism

Which of the following are common hosts for the influenza virus?

-Humans

-Swine

-Poultry

-All of these

All of these

Why do we need a seasonal flu shot?

1. you can ony catch the flu in the winter

2. we run out of antibodies each season

3. the virus keeps changing by genetic shifts, aka reassortment.

4. its spike protein keeps mutating.

the virus keeps changing by genetic shifts aka "reassortment"

What do the influenza virus, COVID-19 and RSV all have in common? Select all that apply

-they can be treated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors

-they are all RNA viruses

-they are all respiratory viruses

-there is a vaccine for all of them

-they are all RNA viruses

-they are all respiratory viruses

-there is a vaccine for all of them

What drives the production of different COVID variants?

mutations in the spike protein

not by mutation

mutations all over the virus genome

mutations in the replicase

mutations in the spike protein

Which of the following have efficacious vaccines that are widely available right now?

-HIV

-Tuberculosis

-Malaria

-None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following are important ways for preventing infectious disease? Choose all that apply

-Vaccination

-Hygiene

-Antimicrobials

-Vector control

( all of these)

-Vaccination

-Hygiene

-Antimicrobials

-Vector control

What are the differences between the innate and the adaptive immune systems? Choose all that apply

 

1. innate immunity is fast and adaptive immunity is slow

2. the adaptive immune response involves antibody production

3. vaccines boost innate immunity

4. the innate immune response includes phagocytic cells such as macrophages, which engulf and destroy pathogens

1. The adaptive immune response involves antibody production

2. Vaccines boost innate immunity

3. The innate immune response includes phagocytic cells such as macrophages, which engulf and destroy pathogens

What does the Ro number of an infectious disease tell us?

1. overall disease transmissibility

2. biological growth rate of the pathogen

3. correlation between disease incidence and mortality

4. number of vaccine doses an individual needs

Overall disease transmissibility

What do we mean by live attenuated vaccine?

1. After passaging in cell culture many times, the pathogen loses its virulence in humans, yet retains its immunogenicity

2. The pathogen is broken down into individual components, which are inoculated into humans.

3. nucleic acid from the pathogen is inserted into a virus vector like adenovirus, which is used to infect human cells.

4. RNA from the pathogen is introduced into human cells via a lipoparticle

after passaging in cell culture many times, the pathogen loses it's virulence in humans yet retains its immunogenicity

Which of the following statements is true for COVID-19 RNA vaccines?

-the vaccine provides no immunity

-the vaccine provides protective immunity

-the vaccine provides sterilizing immunity

-the vaccine provides equal protection against all COVID-19 variants

the vaccine provides protective immunity

Which of the following is TRUE regarding vaccines?

-measles has been eradicated so there is no need to vaccinate

-we have an efficacious vaccine for HIV

-there is an association between vaccines and autism

-while safe for most, vaccines are not safe for everyone

while safe for most, vaccines are not safe for everyone

What is true about horizontal gene transfer?

1. only performed by scientists

2. only occurs between microbes

3. movement of genetic material from one organism to an organism other than its offspring

4. takes place from mother to child

movement of genetic material from one organism to an organism other than its offspring

How does genome editing differ from transgenesis?

1. Genome editing deletes or modifies any genes. Transgenics is the insertion of a gene from a different organism

2. Genome editing can be done in plants & animals, while tansgenesis is done in bacteria

3. Transgenesis can only occur in the lab, but genome editing ocurrs in nature

4. They are both the same thing!

1. Genome editing deletes or modifies any genes. Transgenics is the insertion of a gene from a different organism

What would you need to edit a plant genome using CRISPR?

1. agrobacteiru and the gene of inetrest

2. ribosomes, RNA polymerase

3. plasmid DNA , bcterial cells

4. guide RNA, Cas9, DNA template

guide RNA, Cas9, DNA template

Which of the following are required for the use of agrobacterium when making transgenic plants? Choose all that apply

1. Agrobacterium infects plant cells

2. Ti plasmid DNA containing the gene of interest is transformed into Agrobacterium

3. A gene gun shoots it into plant tissue 

4. The Ti DNA with the insert is transferred into the plant cell and incorporated into the chromosome of the plant

1. Agrobacterium infects plant cells

1. Ti plasmid DNA containing the gene of interest is transformed into Agrobacterium

1. The Ti DNA with the insert is transferred into the plant cell and incorporated into the chromosome of the plant

How can we tell which bacteria are present in a given sample?

Sequencing DNA, culturing in media, and looking under a microscope

Which of the following is compound that can promote the growth of healthy bacteria in the gut?

1. Postbiotic

2. Probiotic

3. prebiotic

4. antibiotic

1. prebiotic

During fermentation, glucose is oxidized into two molecules of pyruvate while NAD+ is reduced to NADH. One pyruvate is used as food by the microbe, the other is used to reoxidize NADH back to NAD+ so the process can continue. Which of the following are potential fermentation products from the other pyruvate?

1. Ethanol

2. Lactic acid

3. Acetic acid

4. All of these

All of these

What are some of the benefits of fermenting food (pick all that apply)?

1. preserves nutrients

2. produces additional vitamins

3. prevents growth of food pathogens

4. reduces gut inflammation

(all the above)

preserves nutrients

produces additional vitamins

prevents growth of food pathogens

reduces gut inflammation

Which of the following best describes the term Synthetic Biology?”?

1. genetically engineering organisms to have novel traits

2. genetically engineering organisms to be identical to those found in nature

3. No answer is correct

4. involves making completely different life forms in anything but microbes

genetically engineering organisms to have novel traits

 

Why are some agricultural scientists focused on non-animal based proteins? Choose all that apply.

1. Livestock husbandry is responsible for ~50% of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions

2. Current agricultural practices need to double by 2050 to feed the global population

3. Current agricultural practices will be able to feed everyone who is on the planet by 2050

4. Agriculture involves growing crops thus no greenhouse gasses are released

1. Livestock husbandry is responsible for ~50% of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions

2. Current agricultural practices need to double by 2050 to feed the global population

Which of the following are true regarding vaccine skepticism? 

1. Population-scale studies have refuted a link between vaccines and autism

2. Some people don't think vaccines are necessary because some of the diseases they target have been eradicated

3. Many studies around the world have replicated the Wakefield study, supporting that vaccines cause autism

4. It began primarily due to a fraudulent study by Andrew Wakefield the MMR vaccine causes autism

1. Population-scale studies have refuted a link between vaccines and autism

2. Some people don't think vaccines are necessary because some of the diseases they target have been eradicated

3. It began primarily due to a fraudulent study by Andrew Wakefield the MMR vaccine causes autism

What strategies are used to effectively communicate scientific findings to the public? Choose all that apply.

1. Include visuals

2. Use analogies

3. Use complicated science terms

4. Include statistics

Include visuals

Use analogies

Include statistics

Which of the following is not true about fungi?

1. They can be filamentous and multicellular

2. They can produce spores

3. They get their food by absorptive nutrition

4. They do NOT have chlorophyll

5. They all produce mushrooms

E) They all produce mushrooms

Where are the organisms that cause athlete's foot found on the tree of life?

Eukarya branch

Breaking down macromolecules for energy and nutrition is a form of:

1. Catabolism

2. Anabolism

3. Photosynthesis

4. Lithotrophy

Catabolism

What is the target of most common over the counter (OTC) antifungal compounds?:

A) Cell membrane
B) Chloroplast
C) DNA
D) Ribosome

A) Cell membrane

What part of most fungi is responsible for spreading INFECTIONS?
A) Fruiting body (mushroom)
B) Hyphaes
C) Mycotoxins
D) Spores

D) Spores

What types of pathogens have been reported to infect people at pools:

1. Viruses

2. Bacteria

3. Parasites

4. All the above

All the above

How do we normally count native (ie not human) aquatic bacteria?

1. With the naked eye

2. By growing them on a plate

3. By looking at them using a light microscope

4. By looking at them using an epifluorescence microscope

5. By using electron microscopy

1. By looking at them using an epifluorescence microscope

If there are so many potentially pathogenic bacteria shed from swimmers, why don’t more people get sick?:

1. Frequent swimmers become immune to the pathogens through exposure

2. Chlorine/Bromine kills the pathogen

3. Pathogens are selectively filtered out via the filtration system

4. Swimsuit materials filter out pathogens.

1. Chlorine/Bromine kills the pathogen

How many bacteria on average are there in a drop of seawater?

1. 100

2. 1000

3. 10,000

4. 100,000

5. 1,000,000

6. 1,000,000,000

1. 1,000,000

Pool fiters remove bacteria and viruses:

1. True

2. False

False

What are life guards usually testing with kits like the one pictured? More than one answer is correct

1. Ph

2. Chlorine levels

3. Bactrial levels

4. All of these

5. None of the above

1. Ph

2. Chlorine levels

Why does the pH of the pool matter?

1. If it’s too high or too low, it can irritate the skin

2. If it’s too high the chlorine disinfectant can’t penetrate and kill bacteria

3. If it’s too low the chlorine disinfectant can't penetrate and kill bacteria

4. A and B

5. B and C

6. None of these

What makes us sweat when we workout?

The bacteria on our skin feed on nutrients in our sweat and breka it down into stinky by-products. break

Which BoZone has the most unique smell (voc) profile

Armpits

True or False: some people are atatrcted to armpit odor

True

Can infectious disease be detected from body odor?

Yes

Do mosquitoes prefer certain body odors over others

Yes! Some people’s smells are more attractive to mosquitoes than others

Which of the following likely has a greatly reduced genome

Obligate parasite

How does T.pallidum evade the immune system?

It has outer membrane proteins that look like human proteins

​​Which of the following is NOT true about HIV

It integrates into the host genome

It is a dsDNA virus

It can be prevented with antiviral drugs

It requires reverse transcriptase

It is a dsDNA virus

What do the H# and N# of influenza variants refer to?

1. Proteins responsible for attachment and release of the virus

2. Proteins responsible for reverse transcription

3. Proteins responsible for integration into the host genome

4. Proteins that captured from different species

Proteins responsible for attachment and release of the virus

What viral surface protein is typically used to classify SARS-Cov2 variants

1. Spike

2. Neuramidase

3. Hemagglutinin

4. Serine protease

Spike

SARS-Cov2 evolves through which of the following processes?

1. Drift

2. Shift

3. Reassortment

4. Recombination

Drift

Which of the following viral diseases have zoonotic origins?

1. HIV (AIDS)

2. Influenza

3. SARS-Cov2

4. All of these

5. None of the above

1. All of these

Which of the following is FALSE

1. Resistance to antibiotics is inevitable

2. Most big pharma companies have abandoned antibiotic discovery

3. By 2050 antibiotic resistant bacteria are likely to kill more people than cancer

4. None of these

1. None of these

Which of the following infectious diseases has been completely eradicated from the world?​

1. Meases

2. smallpox

3. black plagye

4. HIV

5. Polio

1. smallpox

What is herd immunity

1. Vaccination of domesticated animals so they can't act as a reservoir of disease

2. Vaccination of every person which is required for disease eradication

3. The % of the population that needs to be vaccinated to limit spread of the disease

4. Getting protective antibodies from the animals we eat

1. The % of the population that needs to be vaccinated to limit spread of the disease

Based on Ro, which of the following diseases is the most contagious?​

1. Polio Ro=5-7​

2. Smallpox Ro=4-7​

3. Measles Ro=12-18​

4. Mumps Ro=5-7​

5. SARS Cov2 Ro=2-10

Measles Ro=12-18​

Which of the following have efficacious vaccines that are widely available right now ?

1. HIV

2. Tuberculosis

3. Malaria

4. None of these

1. None of these

Microbes are key to genetic engineering which of the following?

1. Plants

2. Animals

3. Humans

4. All of these

5. None of these

All of these

How long have we had transgenic food crops?

1. 5 years

2. 50 years

3. 500 years

4. > 5000 years

1. > 5000 years

The use of Agrobacterium to genetically engineer plants relies of which process?

1. Conjugation

2. Transduction

3. Transfection

4. Ballistic impact from the gene gun

1. Conjugation

What does BLAST stand for?

1. Basic local alignment search tool

2. Bacteria loci alignment search tool

3. Basic linked aligned search tool

4. Bacterial loci alignment searing technology

Basic local alignment search tool

What does the first "r" in rRNA stand for?

1. Ribosomal

2. Right-handed

3. Routine

4. Ribose

Ribosomal

What does the 16S stand for in 16S rRNA?

The molecular weight of the subunit

The number of RNAs in the subunit

The length of the subunit

The importance of the subunit

The molecular weight of the subunit

What do all fermentation processes have in common?

1. Select against the growth of pathogenic bacteria

2. Require oxygen

3. Taste bad to humans

4. Shorten the shelf life of food products

5. Cause inflammation in the gut

1. Select against the growth of pathogenic bacteria

What is a prebiotic?

1. Something fed to babies before solid food

2. Food fiber that feeds the bacteria in your gut microbiome

3. A health promoting gut bacterium

4. Gut microbe metabolites that confer health benefits

5. None of these

1. Food fiber that feeds the bacteria in your gut microbiome

What do we mean by the term 'Food insecurity?'

1. All answers are correct

2. Uncertainty about where the next meal is coming from

3. Inadequate nutrition from the food consumed

4. Insufficient calories to support a healthy lifestyle

5. None of these

1. All answers are correct

Which of the following best defines Precision Fermentation?

1.  Making products such as yogurt and cheese

2. Production of specialty wines

3. Engineering a microbe to produce a specific product

4. Genetic engineering of a ruminant such as a cow or a sheep

5. None of these

1. Engineering a microbe to produce a specific product