human anatomy: axial, upper limb & lower limb muscles

orbicularis oris

closes lips

orbicularis oculi

closes eye

buccinator

compresses cheek

platysma

tenses skin of neck; pulls lower lip back and down

temporalis insertion

coronoid process of mandible

temporalis

elevates and retracts mandible

masseter

elevates mandible

sternocleidomastoid origin and insertion

manubrium and sternal end of clavicle, mastoid process

sternocleidomastoid

unilateral: laterally flexes head to same side and rotates head to opposite side
bilateral: flexes head

splenius capitis

unilateral: laterally flexes and rotates head to same side
bilateral: extends head

semispinalis capitis

unilateral: rotates vertebral column and head to opposite side
bilateral: extends vertebral column and head

spinalis group

extends vertebral column

longissimus group

unilateral: laterally flexes vertebral column to same side and rotates head to same side
bilateral: extends vertebral column and head

iliocostalis group

unilateral: laterally flexes vertebral column to same side
bilateral: extends vertebral column

diaphragm

prime mover of inspiration

external intercostals

pulls ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage; aids in inspiration

internal intercostals

draws ribs together to depress rib cage; aids in forced expiration

rectus abdominus origin and insertion

pubic crest and symphysis, xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

rectus abdominus

flexes and rotates vertebral column; compresses abdominal wall

external oblique

unilateral: rotates and laterally flexes vertebral column to same side
bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall

internal oblique

same as external oblique

transverse abdominus

compresses abdominal wall

levator scapulae

elevates, adducts (retracts) and inferiorly rotates scapula; laterally flexes neck to same side when scapula is fixed

rhomboid major

elevates, adducts (retracts), inferiorly rotates and stabilizes scapula

rhomboid minor

same as rhomboid major

serratus anterior

stabilizes, superiorly rotates and protracts scapula (prime mover of scapula protraction)

trapezius origin

occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T12

trapezius insertion

clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula

trapezius

superior fibers: elevate and superiorly rotate scapula
middle fibers: retract (adduct) scapula
inferior fibers: depress and superiorly rotate scapula

pectoralis minor origin and insertion

ribs 3-5, coracoid process of scapula

pectoralis minor

protracts and depresses scapula

deltoid origin

acromial end of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

deltoid insertion

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

deltoid

anterior fibers: flex and medially rotate arm
middle fibers: prime mover of arm abduction
posterior fibers: extend and laterally rotate arm

coracobrachialis origin and insertion

coracoid process of scapula, middle medial shaft of humerus

coracobrachialis

adducts and flexes arm

pectoralis major insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

pectoralis major

adducts, medially rotates and flexes arm (prime mover of arm flexion)

latissimus dorsi insertion

intertubercular sulcus of humerus

latissimus dorsi

adducts, medially rotates and extends arm (prime mover of arm extension)

teres major

adducts, medially rotates, and extends arm

supraspinatus origin and insertion

supraspinous fossa of scapula, greater tubercle of humerus

supraspinatus

abducts arm

infraspinatus origin and insertion

infraspinous fossa of scapula, greater tubercle of humerus

infraspinous

laterally rotates arm

teres minor origin and insertion

upper dorsal lateral border of scapula, greater tubercle of humerus

teres minor

laterally rotates arm

subscapularis origin and insertion

subscapular fossa of scapula, lesser tubercle of humerus

subscapularis

medially rotates arm

rotator cuff muscles (list)

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

rotator cuff muscles

stabilizes shoulder joint

biceps brachii origin

long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
short head: coracoid process of scapula

biceps brachii insertion

radial tuberosity

biceps brachii

flexes and supinates forearm, long head also flexes arm

brachialis origin and insertion

anterior humerus, coronoid process of ulna

brachialis

flexes forearm

brachioradialis

flexes forearm

triceps brachii origin

long head: infraglenoid tubercle
lateral head: posterior humerus above radial groove
medial head: posterior humerus below radial groove

triceps brachii insertion

olecranon of ulna

triceps brachii

primary extensor of forearm, long head also extends and adducts arm

pronator teres origin and insertion

medial epicondyle of humerus, lateral surface of radius

pronator teres

pronates forearm

flexor carpi radialis origin

medial epicondyle of humerus

flexor carpi radialis

flexes and abducts hand

palmaris longus origin

medial epicondyle of humerus

palmaris longus

weak hand flexor

flexor carpi ulnaris origin

medial epicondyle of humerus

flexor carpi ulnaris

flexes and adducts hand

flexor digitorum superficialis origin and insertion

medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna, middle phalanges of fingers 2-5

flexor digitorum superficialis

flexes hand, 2nd-5th MP joints and PIP joints

flexor digitorum profundus origin and insertion

anteromedial surface of ulna and interosseus membrane, distal phalanges of fingers 2-5

flexor digitorum profundus

flexes hand, 2nd-5th MP, PIP, and DIP joints

pronator quadratus

prime mover of forearm pronation

flexor retinaculum

deep fascia that holds tendons against the bone during contraction

extensor carpi radialis longus origin

lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

extensor carpi radialis longus

extends and abducts hand

extensor carpi radialis brevis origin

lateral epicondyle of humerus

extensor carpi radialis brevis

extends and abducts hand

extensor digitorum origin

lateral epicondyle of humerus

extensor digitorum

extends hand and 2nd-5th MP, PIP, and DIP joints

extensor carpi ulnaris origin

lateral epicondyle of humerus

extensor carpi ulnaris

extends and adducts hand

extensor retinaculum

deep fascia that holds extensor tendons close to the wrist joint to prevent them from “bowing” during wrist extension

abductor pollicis longus

extends and abducts thumb

extensor pollicis brevis

extends thumb

extensor pollicis longus

extends thumb