chemistry of the atmosphere

Modern Atmosphere Composition

Approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and small amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide, water vapour, and noble gases.

Early Atmosphere

Mainly carbon dioxide with little to no oxygen, alongside nitrogen, water vapour, and small amounts of methane and ammonia.

Volcanic Activity

The source of the gases that formed the Earth's early atmosphere.

Photosynthesis

The biological process that decreased carbon dioxide levels and increased oxygen levels over billions of years.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases in the atmosphere (like water vapour, carbon dioxide, and methane) that absorb long-wavelength infrared radiation reflected from Earth.

Greenhouse Effect

The natural warming process of the Earth's surface caused by greenhouse gases trapping heat.

Carbon Footprint

The total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service, or event.

Carbon Monoxide

A toxic, colourless, and odourless gas produced during incomplete combustion that binds to haemoglobin.

Sulfur Dioxide

A gas produced by burning fuels containing sulfur impurities, which causes acid rain and respiratory problems.

Particulates

Solid particles of soot (carbon) and unburnt fuel that cause global dimming and health damage to human lungs.