Bio final packet

What are the 3 parts of an ATP molecule?

Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

What happens when a phosphate group is removed from ATP?

Energy is released.

What are organisms that make their own food called?

Autotrophs

What do plants use to gather energy?

Light-absorbing molecules called pigments.

What is a granum?

A stack of thylakoids.

Where is chlorophyll found in the chloroplast?

In the thylakoid membrane.

What happens when chlorophyll is struck by sunlight?

Electrons become energized.

What is an electron carrier molecule?

NADP+.

What gas is given off by a plant in bright sunlight?

Oxygen.

What does photosynthesis produce along with sugar?

6 molecules of oxygen.

Why does the candle in jar A burn longer?

Oxygen produced by the plant.

Where do light-dependent reactions take place?

Within the thylakoid membranes.

What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen gas.

Where are Photosystems I and II found?

In the thylakoid membrane.

What occurs within the stroma?

The Calvin cycle produces sugars.

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

In the stroma.

What is the product of the Calvin cycle?

High-energy sugars.

What happens if CO₂ is removed from the process?

Sugar production will stop.

How do organisms obtain the energy they need?

By breaking down food molecules and capturing their energy.

Which is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?

Fermentation.

What is the correct sequence of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis → Krebs cycle → Electron Transport.

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy.

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

Glucose and oxygen.

How are photosynthesis and respiration opposite processes?

Photosynthesis removes CO₂; respiration releases it.

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Reactants of cellular respiration.

Which process occurs in the cytoplasm?

Glycolysis.

What is the net gain from glycolysis?

2 ATP.

What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?

Glucose.

What is the electron carrier in cellular respiration?

NAD+.

What is the starting molecule for the Krebs cycle?

Pyruvic acid.

What does the Krebs cycle produce?

Carbon dioxide.

What are carbon atoms released as during the Krebs cycle?

3 molecules of carbon dioxide.

Where does electron transport occur?

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is the energy from the electron transport chain used to do?

Convert ADP into ATP.

What molecules pass electrons to the electron transport chain?

NADH and FADH₂.

How much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule?

About 36 ATP.

What happens during fermentation?

NAD+ is regenerated.

What is required to convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid?

NADH.

What happens as a cell grows larger?

Volume increases faster than surface area.

What is cell division?

Division into two daughter cells.

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

It provides genetic diversity.

When are chromosomes visible?

Only during cell division.

During which phase does mitosis occur?

M phase.

When is DNA replicated?

During S phase.

What event occurs during interphase?

Centrioles duplicate.

What does structure A represent?

Centromere.

What are structures B called?

Sister chromatids.

During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes visible?

Prophase, metaphase, and anaphase.

In which phase do chromosomes line up?

Metaphase.

What is the order of mitosis phases?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

What is the role of spindle fibers?

Help separate chromosomes.

What do daughter cells produced from a parent cell with 4 chromosomes have?

4 chromosomes each.

Which cell forms a cell plate?

Only Cell B.

Why do cells stop growing in a petri dish?

Contact with other cells stops growth.

What regulates cell cycle timing?

Cyclins.

What do cancer cells lose control of?

Growth rate.

What are masses of cancer cells called?

Tumors.

What does a defective p53 gene cause cells to do?

Stop responding to growth regulators.

How do identical embryo cells become different?

Through differentiation.

How many alleles for height does each pea-plant gamete have?

1.

What are different forms of a gene called?

Alleles.

If the genotype is tt, what can be said about the parents?

Both parents contributed a recessive allele.

What is the probability of tall offspring from a Tt × tt cross?

50%.

What are Punnett square offspring?

All expected to be tall.

How do pea shape and color genes assort?

Independently.

Which part of a bacteriophage contains genetic material?

Part B.

What does this figure show?

A DNA molecule.

What does a DNA nucleotide consist of?

Deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine.

What is the percent guanine in chicken DNA?

19.9%.

What is the percent cytosine in S. lutea DNA?

36.6%.

What did Rosalind Franklin contribute?

Producing X-ray images of DNA.

What did Chargaff show?

Adenine and thymine occur in equal percentages.

What does DNA replication result in?

Each molecule having one old strand and one new strand.

What is the complement of CTAGGT?

GATCCAG.

What is the opposite of thymine?

Adenine.

What adds base pairs during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase.

What is a change in DNA sequence called?

Mutation.

What is a random change in allele frequency?

Genetic drift.

In which populations does genetic drift tend to occur?

Small populations.

What is colonization by a few individuals called?

Founder effect.

What is constant allele frequencies called?

Genetic equilibrium.

What is a condition for genetic equilibrium?

No movement into or out of the population.

What does a stable gene pool require?

Random mating.

What factor is most likely to cause evolution?

Large numbers of offspring.

What is necessary for new species to form?

Reproductive isolation.

What factor most favors speciation?

Geographic isolation.