apoptosis

What is the difference between ( unregulated cell death necrosis) and regulated cell death ( apoptosis)

Necrosis SWELLING, INGLAMMATION, BURSTING

APOPTOSIS; breaks up into membrane enclosed fragments And then is phagocyteted!

On what does autolisi rely on

Autolisis strongly relies on the pm na+/k+ pump

Which are the steps for autophagy . What are chacaterized dying cells? Do autophagy require capase

1. Nucleattion and extensuon

2. Formation of autophagosome that fuses with lysosome and then is digestes

3. Caspacse is not required

4. Dying cells have a lot of lysosomes

Which are the 6 steps to apoptosis

1- dna frgamentsation

2. Chromatin condenses the nuclear enevelope breaks and the nucleus is fragmented

3. The pm forms BLEBS

4. The apoptotoic bodies form

5. PHOPHATYDILSERINE in exposted in the outer part of the membrane ( nornally is inside) this isthe eat me signal

6. Phagocytosisi of apoptotic body

Which is the “eat me signal” who puts it in th eouter layer

PHOPHATYDIL SERINE normally is inisde layer of pm then exposed out by PM SCRAMBLASE

Stusied of c. Elegans worm identified 3 genes for apoptoss

1, which are required for cell death

Which is a negative regulator

Which is the PROTYPE OF CASPASE

Ced 3 , 4, required

Ced 9 negative regulator Which.

Protytpe is ced 3

Which kind of protein are capsase? What AA is in their active site

Which is the residue in substrate

Proteases

Cystein in active site

Cleave after aspartic acid

Inactive precurosor procaspases are activated how?

BY CLEAVALEGE!!!!

What are initiator caspases? What are execuitorers

Initatiots are actavted in response to signals and then activate the exce. That digest the cellular target PROTEINS. And lead to cell death

Hwo caspace make cell death oossibile

Which allows dna fargementation?

By deigestng fundsamental PROTEINS of the targets cellls

ICAD inhibitor od DNase which is digested by capsace leading to dna fragm.

The ferst stemp to apaoptosis is dna fragemntation how is this possibile

Capsace dgest ICAD that inhibits the dna fragmanetation

Whitoth cad is activated

How are initatior capsases activated? ( 2 ways)

1. Extrinisic pathways through binding of a extracel. Ligand to DEATH RECEPTOR

2. Intrinisc or mitochondrial pathway in response to internal stress

In extrinsic pathway through death receptor

1. What is a FAS LIGAND and what family do they belong to?

2. What is the oath to then activate initiator caspasa 8

Fas ligands ( also trimers) are DEATH RECEPTOR tand belong to TNF FAMILY ( TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR)

Fas ligands bind to fas receptors

This allows the activation of procaspase 8

In ofer to activate caps. 8 there is the formation of DISC DEATH INDUCING SIGNALING COMPLEX

In extrinisic pathway what is DISC

Disc is the death inducing signlaing complex that allows to activate the executioner

Which cell use fas ligand apoptosis? What disease is associated with din case of mutations

T lympocyes express fas

Alps ( auto immune lympo….syndorm)

In the intrinisc pathway what activates initiator capsce 9?

Release of cytochrome c which normlay is in the intermmbrane space of mitocondria and is released in the cytosol

What are the step from the release of ctochrome c to the capse 9 activation?

1, release of cytc c

Activation of APAF1

Assembly of apoptosome

Recuitment of caspase 9 and activatuon by cleaving the exevuyionar

To regulate the intirinsic patwhay which is the fanmily that has

1. Anti apoptotic ptotein that prevent cytocrome release

2. Pro apototic effectors rgar promote c rileaSe

The family is BCL 2 FAMILY

1, anti apoptotic protein that prevent cycrome c release es. BLC AND BCL XL

2. PRO APOTOTIC oligomerize in the plamsma mebrnae abd are BAX AND BAK

3. Pro apotoric inhibit anti apoptotic protein

4. BID, BAD, BIM, PUMA , NOXA

BH3 ROL

Inhibit the anti apoptotic so allow apoptosis

Pro apoptotic effectors where are located in the pm?

Bax, bak oligomers in the mitochorndrial outer memebrane

Anti apoptotic can ihibit them

Which is the anti apoptotic family

Blc2

How can the intrinisic oatway be recuited by the extrinsic one? which protein is the link.

Bid bh3 only protein ( ihibits the anti apoptotic) and is the link between the 2 pathways

To amplify the cascade by linking both pathways how is bid activated

Death receptors in extrinsic pathway

Caspase 8 cleaves BID

BID activated translocate at the outer mitochondrial membrane

Ihibits the anti apoptotic bcl2

What are IAP caspase regulators

Inhibitor of apoptosis family that can make caspase gl for degradation