Unit 2 - Historical Globalization

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The Industrial Revolution

Began in Britain in the 18th century; the main form of production moved from small family owned busineses to large factories. It was a switch from agriculture to manufacturing.

Cultural Contact

Interaction between two different and seperate cultures.

Imperialism

The domination of one country (poltically, economically, or culturally) by another.

The 3 Motivations of Imperialism

God / Gold / Glory

Ethnocentrism

The belief that your culture is better than anyone else’s.

Eurocentrism

The belief that Europeans are better than any other culture.

Paternalism

When someone in a position of authority restritcs the responsibilties and freedoms of others, believing it is in their best interest.

Mercantilism

A system of government sponsored international trade designed to make European monarchs rich.

Capitalism

An economic system for increasing individual wealth, requiring a relatively free market, open competition (supply and demand), the profit motive, and at least some private ownership of the means of production.

Free Market

An economy with no government involvement. Supply and demand is not regulated.

The Indian Act 1876

Defined who was considered “Indian”; it set out laws about how Indigenous people and reserves were to be delt with.

Reserves

Tracts of land set aside by the federal government for the exclusive use and occupancy of First Nations groups. The Indian Act required all First Nations People to live on these lands that were established by the gov’t.

Political Imperialism

One country dominating another's political institutions, often through direct control, colonization, or imposing foreign government structures

Social Imperialism

The practice of imposing a nation’s culture, language, traditions, and social structures onto another people, often under the guise of "civilizing" them.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another—either within a country or across international borders—to establish a new home

Historical Globalization

The period beginning roughly in 1492 (Columbus) and ending after World War II, defined by European imperialism, rapid colonization, and the expansion of global trade networks

The Beothuk

The indigenous hunter-gatherer population of Newfoundland. They were Algonkian-speaking people who lived in small band groups, numbering fewer than 1,000 at the time of European contact. After cultural contact with the Europeans, they died from diseases (eg. tuberculosis) that Europeans brought and slowly went extinct, with their final member dying in 1829.

The Potlatch

Vital ceremonies practiced by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. The Canadian gov’t banned it in 1884 believing it halted Indigenous people from adopting European ideas and culture. Many Indigenous involved in these ceremonies died due to diseases that were brought by the Europeans (eg. smallpox)

Treaties

Constitutionally recognized, nation-to-nation agreements between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian gov’t.

The Apartheid

Afrikaans for “apartness”, was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa and South West Africa.

The Scramble for Africa

A time period between roughly 1884–1914, was the rapid invasion, partition, and colonization of Africa by European powers, transforming it from 90% independent to almost entirely European-controlled.

The Oka Crisis

A violent, 78-day standoff between the Indigenous and Quebec police over developing ancestral land, including a cemetery, into a golf course. Sparked July 11, 1990, it led to a provincial officer's death, halted the expansion, and forced national reckoning on Indigenous land rights. The standoff highlighted tensions between Indigenous rights and development, and its legacy continues to influence discussions about land sovereignty in Canada.

The relationship of Imperialism and Historical Globalization

Imperialism is one of the reasons by which nations became interconnected during the period of historical globalization.

When did the Indutrial Revolution start?

In the 18th century.

Why was the Indian Act created?

To address “Indian” problems.

Industrialization

The movement of economy from agriculture to manufacturing/factories.

The Manipulation of the Hindu Caste System

Social Imperialism

Cash Crops

Crops that are grown for the purpose of trade and profit rather than for personal consumption.

What is the White Mans Burden closely connected to?

Paternalism

Who were mostly affected by the Industrial Revolution?

Small business owners

Adam Smith

The Father of Capitalism; created the first idea of a capitalist society.

Sovereignity

Groups of people that can formally govern themselves.

Shannens Dream

Ensuring First Nations children have the same education opportunities as others while respecting their language and culture and takes into account that they may not be starting from the same place.

Idle No More

A reaction to alleged legislative abuses of Indigenous treaty rights by Stephen Harper through Bill C-45. Many Indigenous believed that Bill C-45 threatened Treaties Indigenous Sovereignty. The movement promotes environmental protection and indigenous sovereignty.

Who benefits finincially from mercantilism?

Merchants and Monarchs

Truth and Reconciliation Commision (2007)

Provided those directly or indirectly affected by the legacy of Residential Schools with an opportunity to share their stories and experiences.

3 Main Impacts that Beothuk / Potlatch and Europeans faced through interactions

Resource Issues / Pandemics / Migration

What started the Oka Crisis?

The building of a golf course

What was old imperialism driven by?

Gold

How did the Royal Commission on Aboriginal People attempt to address relationships between Indigenous and non Indigenous Canadians?

By: creating an Aboriginal parliament as another level of government, setting up an independent group to settle land claims, increasing funds offer health care, housing, education, and employment, creation of an Aboriginal university, an increase on spending

Gold

Money / resources

Glory

For King and Country

God

More the better, each religion wanted to convert the most “savages” so that they had the most practitioners.

The Collapse of Apartheid

South Africans resisted the civil disobedience and the violence against pro-apartheid targets.This created international pressure leading to boycotts, then leading to free elections occuring in 1994 where the ANC won. (African National Congress)

Why would families continue to send their children to Residential School knowing the treatment they would experience? 

They would be fined or face imprisonment.

What is the relationship between imperialism and ethno/eurocentrism?

Ethno/Eurocentrism acts as the ideological engine for imperialism. It provides the logic for expansion by framing the dominant power as culturally superior and "civilized," while portraying others as non-human. This turns territorial conquest into a moral civilizing mission, justifying the extraction of resources and the imposition of Western values as a necessary benefit to the colonized.

The Aboriginal Healing Fund

In 1998, Minister of Indian Affairs Jane Stewart issued an apology on behalf of the Canadian government. This was set up to to manage funding given to former Residential school students.

Resolution 260

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Defines what genocide is and lists worldwide measures to prevent it, and discusses course of action against those who commit genocide.

UNDRIP

The most comprehensive international instrument on the rights of indigenous peoples. It establishes a universal framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world and it elaborates on existing human rights standards and fundamental freedoms.