A&P Block 1 - Intro to the Nervous System LOs

pre-central, voluntary, Broca’s, emotion, initiation

Frontal Lobe: largest lobe, contains the __________ gyrus (_________ movement) and ______ which contains important speech. It also is involved in cognition, _______, motor planning, and __________

auditory, Wernicke’s

Temporal lobe: contains _______ cortex and ________ which is another important speech center.

visual

Occipital lobe is the primary site of ______ processing

postcentral, wernicke’s

The parietal lobe contains the ___________ gyrus and some of _________

temporal, taste & pain

The insular lobe is revealed by deflecting the ________ lobe. It is also involved in visceral _____ & ____ sensations.

meninges

mechanically maintain the brain’s integrity chemically seal the brain

dura, pia, and arachnoid mater

List the 3 meningeal linings of the cerebrum:

tissue, structure, brain

The meningeal linings of the cerebrum support neural and vascular ______, protect and nurture CNS _________, support _____

movement

the meningeal linings of the spinal cord protect from shocks due to _______ trauma.

myelination in the CNS

In regard to cell types of the brain, what is the role of oligodendrocytes

myelination in the PNS

In regard to cell types of the brain, what is the role of schwann cells?

astrocytes

In regard to cell types of the brain, which cell type acts as a blood-brain barrier, proliferate in injury, and re-uptakes?

microglia

In regard to cell types of the brain, which cell type is small, proliferates in injurt, and transforms into macrophages?

CNS

main components: brain & spinal cord

PNS

main components: cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral ganglia

CNS

neuron location: cell bodies of upper neurons, interneurons, & many central sensory relay neurons

PNS

neuron location: cell bodies of lower motor neurons (in spinal cord or brainstem), and first-order sensory neurons (in ganglia)

CNS

clusters of neuron cell bodies: nuclei —> collections of cell bodies inside

PNS

clusters of neuron cell bodies: ganglia —> collections of cell bodies inside

CNS

protection: enclosed by skull/vertebrae, meninges, and CSF

PNS

protection: enclosed in connective tissue sheaths (epi/peri/endoneurium)

CNS

function: processing, integration, command initiation

PNS

function: transmission of sensory input and motor output

CNS

motor pathways: upper motor neurons —> begin in motor cortex and descend

PNS

motor pathways: lower motor neurons —> project to muscles

CNS

sensory pathways: housed in 2nd and 3rd sensory neurons (brainstem & thalamus)

PNS

sensory pathways: 1st order sensory neurons in ganglia detect and relay stimuli

CNS

decussation: tracts often cross midline in brainstem or spinal cord

PNS

decussation: does not decussate

CNS

regenerative capacity: minimal (rarely regenerate)

PNS

regenerative capacity: moderate —> some repair possible via Schwann cells

CNS

Clinical Signs of Damage: lesions —> spasticity, hyperreflexia, central syndromes (Stroke)

PNS

Clinical Signs of Damage: lesions —> flaccid paralysis, sensory loss, hyporeflexia, peripheral neuropathies

CNS

the following are examples of which nervous system: motor cortex, internal capsule, thalamus, and cranial nerve nucleui

PNS

the following are examples of which nervous system: CN V, CN VII, dorsal root ganglia, and autonomic ganglia

upper

Which motor neurons begin in the motor cortex and descent (corticospinal tract)?

lower

Which motor neurons project to muscles (facial nerve to face)

dorsal column and spinothalamic

What are the two major ascending sensory (afferent) pathways?

dorsal column

Major ascending sensory pathway that has to do with touch, discrimination, and proprioception; crosses at medulla, is fast, and has few synapses

spinothalamic

Major ascending sensory pathway that has to do with crude touch, pain, and temperature. It is slow and poly-synaptic

pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts

What are the two major descending motor (efferent) pathways?

pyramidal

Which major descending motor pathway has to do with voluntary control?

extrapyramidal

Which major descending motor pathway has to do with involuntary, reflexive control?

detect

Primary sensory neurons ______ stimuli from the environment or body,

relay information

Secondary sensory neurons _____ __________ upward; take signals from primary neuron and pass them to higher brain cells

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

List the superficial muscles of the back:

serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior

List the intermediate muscles of the back:

erector spinae

List the deep muscle of the back: