second semester final - earth and space

EHS - mr. hartnagel

the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and re-radiate infrared radiation?

greenhouse effect

what does the milankovitch theory attempt to explain?

causes of ice ages

which of these materials would reflect the most sunlight at solar noon

snow

assuming other factors remained unchanged, what would happen to the surface temperature on earth if large amounts of carbon dioxide were removed from the atmosphere?

surface temperatures would decrease

if the axial tilt of earth were to increase from 23.5 degrees to 27.5 degrees, how would our summers change in edwardsville

summers would be hotter

if earths orbit of the sun was more circular, what would happen to the variation in the amount of solar energy earth receives during the year

the variations in solar energy received would decrease

what evidence demonstrates the interaction between earths magnetic field and solar wind

aurora borealis

what are the southern lights called

aurora australis

what landscape would reflect the most light

arctic

the hottest planet in our solar system is

venus

if the earths axis were to form a 90-degree angle straight up and down, we would no longer have…

seasons

the more sunspots we see the…

more auroras we are likely to see

the maunder minimum was a mini ice age in the late 1600s believed to be created by

a decrease of solar energy because of a weaker number of sunspots

the furthest point the sun reaches in the northern hemisphere is called

tropic of cancer

if i had trouble sleeping when it is daylight outside, i would want to avoid _______ during the _______

north pole, summer

we know the exact second the vernal equinox occurs, (the first day of spring). This is because the sun in directly above the

equator

our axis has been and will continue to point at ________, for the rest of our lives

polaris

on june 21-22, the sun is as far north as it will ever get. if i wanted to see the sun directly overhead of me on that day i would have to travel to what city?

mexico city, mexico

when is it summer in australia, it is..

winter in the US

which of the following methods would scientists use to determine global changed in earths climate over time?

all can be used to examine climate

how does high albedo affect the planetary climate?

high planetary albedo means more sunlight is reflected, and the planet cools

all of the following affect tides on earth except

earthquakes and plate tectonic movement

which of the following would NOT cause our climate become more stable?

all of the above would give our planets climate more stability

if the earth did not have a moon, we would not have tides (T/F)

false

which of the following statements is true?

clouds and water vapor is a greenhouse gas

eccentricity is a measure of how stretched an elliptical orbit is. which object in our solar system would have the greatest eccentricity?

comets

as the planet warms, which outcome is the most likely to happen

the atmosphere will hold more water vapor, a greenhouse gas that will increase warming, and potentially cause more severe weather

which of the following forms of electromagnetic radiation have the fastest speed?

none of the above

when comparing various types of electromagnetic radiation, we find the closer the wavelengths are to each other, the ____________ and ____________.

the higher the energy; and the higher the frequency

the higher the energy associated with radiation, the more harmful it can be for humans. which of the following would be the most harmful for humans?

x-ray

which of the following wavelengths of visible light is the longest?

red

of the following, which star is the hottest

rigel, a blue supergiant in the constellation Orion

while we know the earliest telescopes were designed be someone else, this person was widely credited for many discoveries using that early refracting telescopes? These discoveries include, sunspots, the 4 closest moons of Jupiter, Saturn’s rings, and the phases of Venus.

Galileo Galilei

one advantage of having a ground based telescope instead of a space telescope is…

we can make the telescope massive, and bigger is better

all of the following are reasons why space based telescopes are an advantage over ground based telescopes, except…

we can easily fix any problems we may encounter with the telescope

which of the following statements about optical telescope is true

reflecting uses mirrors to focus the image and refracting uses glass lenses

which of the following places would be the best to put a ground based optical telescope?

on top of a mountain in Hawaii

tonight, you decide to do some stargazing, you go outside and see a red star in the sky. based on what you have learned, you know that the star is…

a colder star than most of the others

we use parallax to determine…

the distance to a star within 1000 light years from earth

doppler shift is very important because it tells use that the universe is…

expanding outward

if the spectral lines from a star are shifted toward the red end of the spectrum, which of the following must be true?

the star moving away from earth

why is it ok to say the spectral analysis of a gas is like a “fingerprint”?

the spectrum of a specific gas is always the same the unique to that gas

scientists determine the composition and temperature of stars _________.

by analyzing the spectra of the light that stars emit

if a dense, non-light producing, interstellar gas was to move between a star and earth, what would happen to the spectra of the light from the star as measured on earth?

the number of absorption lines would likely increase

what type of spectra will i be looking at if i look at the spectrum given off by a heated gas?

emission spectrum

what type of spectra am i looking at if i am looking at light that is traveling through a dense cloud of gas

absorption spectrum

think : why do we not want to take the spectral analysis of the sun or star from the surface of earth?

because we are surrounded by gases on earth

the spectral analysis of a star tell us all of the following expect __________.

the age of the star

all of the following are true about an emission spectrum, except…

it is a continuous spectrum crossed by a number of dark lines

the city of edwardsville has received a grant from NASA to build ground based telescope. they have come to you for final approval on which telescope would be best to build for the money have to spend. which telescope should you recommend that they buy?

an infrared telescope to study the birth, life, and death of stars

it is predicted that in two billion years andromeda galaxy will collide with the milky way galaxy. we know this today because we have seen…

the blue shift from the andromeda galaxy

the reason that parallax can not be used to calculate the distance to every star in the galaxy is because…

the stars are too far away to create the shift that is needed

which of the following is the correct order of highest energy photons of light to the lowest energy?

UV, infrared, micro, radio

how do we determine our distance from the furthest stars and galaxies in the universe?

we use cephid variables

of the following, which statement is true?

all of the above statements are true

what statement is NOT true?

i am about to turn 28 years old on february 3rd

all of the following are names of telescopes NASA has used EXCEPT

antartica’s ozone layer observatory

what do we call the small, hot, extremely dense core left after a star collapses?

white dwarf

during the main-sequence stage, how is energy generated in a star’s core?

hydrogen fuses into helium

how long will a star with the sun’s mass stay on the main sequence?

as long as it fuses hydrogen

after its temperature reaches 10,000,000 degrees C, when does a protostar become a star?

when nuclear fusion begins

what do we call the large bright stars whos hot core has used most of its hydrogen?

red giants

which of the following is not a characteristic a white dwarf?

a ring-like planetary nebula forming new planets around the star

rigal is one of the largest main-sequence stars we have in the night sky. we believe this star has the ability to one day go supernova. the color of this star, based on this information, would be…

blue

proxima centauri is our nearest neighboring star. it is very small main-sequence star that will stay on the main-sequence for hundred of billions of years. based on this information, proxima centauri is what color of star?

red

when we are looking for life on other planets, stars that stay on the main sequence the longest tend to be the best stars in which life could exist. based on this information, which main sequence stars would be the best candidates for life considering they stay the longest on the main sequence

red

which main sequenced stars are the most massive?

blue

because the universe is not old enough, we do not believe these objects exist yet

black dwarfs

all of the following are true concerning the apparent magnitude of a star EXCEPT?

betelgeuse has the highest apparent magnitude of all stars in the night sky

the brightest star in the night sky is actually not a single star, but a binary star system called

sirius

what can parallax be used to calculate

the distance to a star within 1,000 light years from earth

all of the following are true concerning the absolute magnitude of a star EXCEPT?

the sun has the highest absolute magnitude of all stars in the sky

how do stars with a negative number for their apparent magnitude compare to stars with a positive number for their apparent magnitude?

they appear brighter in the sky

when the outward force for energy, due to fusion and radiation, balances with the inward force of ________________, the star is said to be in equilibrium

gravity

the correct order of spectral evolution from the youngest to oldest stage is…

protostar, main sequence, red giant, white dwarf, black dwarf

stars in the upper right-hand corner of an H-R diagram are

red giants

which statement accurately relates a star’s mass to its expected life cycle?

stars with a greater mass conduct fusion at a faster rate, which leads to a shorter lifespan as a main-sequence star

right now in the core of the sun

four atoms of hydrogen combine to form one atom of helium and one neutrino

which statement correctly describes the relationship between the amount of hydrogen and the amount of time that a star produces helium and energy?

the more hydrogen a star has at the beginning of its life, the less time it will make helium and energy because hydrogen is a limiting factor in the fusion reaction that produces helium and energy

as a photon moves from the core of the sun to earth, the order of layers it will go through are…

radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona

cooler sunspots on the suns surface follow a repeating cycle of activity that occur

every eleven years

the sun often emits large amounts of charged particles from solar wind, CMEs and solar flares. the only protection we as humans have from these charged particles is the…

magnetic field

heavy elements in the universe are not produced in the core of a star the same way helium, neon, silicon, etc. are produced. instead, they are created by…

supernovas

neutron stars are some of the densest objects in the universe. what would be created if we continued to add mass to these objects, causing them to collapse inward on themselves?

black holes

when we take the mass of multiple suns and condense it to an area the size of edwardsville, protons are smashed into electrons producing a…

neutron stars

we are able to learn the age of our sun by examining the percentage of gasses in the core of stars. we know our sun is half way through its life because it contains…

75% hydrogen, 25% helium

what causes strong magnetic fields on regions of the sun leading to sunspots?

convection slows and energy decreases

when the most massive stars in the universe go supernova, all of the following can occur EXCEPT

formation of a black hole

it is believed that this planet was well on its way to becoming a brown dwarf, it just ran out of mass.

jupiter

when determining the life cycle of a star, the single most important characteristic is

mass

imagine you are outside on a sunny day. you look up and see a photon of light that was created in the core of the sun. how old is that photon of light that traveled from the core to your eye?

~100,000 years old

which of these celestial bodies is not considered to be a major planet by scientists

pluto

which of these is a region of the solar system that starts just beyond Neptunes orbit and that contains dwarf planets and other small bodies made mostly of ice?

the kuiper belt

which of the following are objects that circle stars than earths sun?

exoplanets

what type of galaxy is the milky way

spiral

which description would most likely apply to an older star?

is composed mostly of carbon, is yellow, and is located in globular cluster

an open cluster is

blue in color and younger than a globular cluster

we are able to tell that a distant planet is orbiting a star by all of the ways except

the explosion of a planet running into the star

the suns diameter is approximately 1.4 × 10^6 km, and the earths is just under 1.3 × 10^4 km. the milky way is about 9.5 × 10^16 across. which statement is true?

the sun is 2 order of magnitude wider than earth; the milky way is 12 orders of magnitude wider than the sun

a light-year is

the distance light travels in a year