Life Span and Development chapter 7

Neonates (0 to 1 month)

Pulse rate 100 to 180

Respiration 30 to 60 (breaths/min)

Systolic Blood Pressure 50 to 70 (mm Hg)

Temperature 98 to 100 degrees F

Neonate fontanelles are what?

spaces between the bones that eventually fuse to form the skull

• posterior fused by 3 months

• anterior fused between 9 and 18 months!!!

• depressed fontanelle may indicate dehydration

• bulging fontanelle is indicative of increased intracranial pressure

Neonate and Infants Cardiovascular system

At birth, neonate makes transition from fetal to independent circulation

Neonate and Infants Pulmonary system

• infants younger than 6 months are prone to nasal congestion

• infants have larger tongues and shorter narrower airways, so airway obstruction is more common than in older children or adults

Neonates and Infants Nervous system

• 2 months of age: tracking objects with their eyes and recognize familiar faces

• 6 months of age: sitting upright and babbling

• 12 months of age: walking with minimal assistance

Preschoolers and Toddlers

Pulse: 80 to 140 beats/min

Respiratory rate: 20 to 25 breaths/min

Systolic blood pressure: 80 to 100 mm Hg

Preschoolers

3 to 6 years

Toddlers

1 to 3 years

Toddlers and Preschoolers

Psychosocial changes

• Learn to speak and express themselves

• Master basic language

• Interact and play games with other children

• Begin to understand cause and effect

• Learn to recognize gender differences by observing role models

School Age Children

6 to 12 years

• physical traits and functions continue to mature at a rapid rate

• Growth of 4 lb and 2.5 inches each year

• Permanent teeth come in.

• Brain activity increases in both hemispheres

Adolescents (teenagers) Vitals

• 12-18 years

• vital signs level off

• Pulse: 60 to 100 beats/min

• Respirations: 12 to 20 breaths/min

• Systolic blood pressure: 90 to 110 mm Hg

Adolescents (teenagers) physical changes

• 2- to 3-year growth spurt

• Girls finish by 16 years; boys by 18 years.

• Reproductive system matures.

• Secondary sexual development takes place.

• Voices start to change.

• Menstruation begins.

• Acne can occur.

Early Adults Vitals

• 19 to 40 years

• Vital signs do not vary greatly.

• Pulse: 60 to 100 beats/min

• Respiratory rate: 12 to 20 breaths/min

• Systolic blood pressure: 90 to 120 mm Hg

Older Adults Physical changes

• 61+

• cardiovascular system declines age largely due to atherosclerosis

• heart rate and cardiac output decrease

• vascular system becomes system

• blood volume declines

• size of airway increases

• surface of alveoli decreases

• breathing becomes more labor intensive

• aspiration and airway obstruction

• susceptible to lung infections

• harder to clear wastes from the body and ability to conserve fluids when needed

• sensory neural networks become slower

Middle Adults Vitals

• 41 to 60 years

• Vital signs remain the same.

Pulse: 60 to 100 beats/min

Respiratory rate: 12 to 20 breaths/min

Systolic blood pressure: 90 to 140 mm Hg

Middle Adults Physical changes

• Vulnerable to vision and hearing loss

• Cancer incidence increases.

• Menopause occurs in late 40s or early 50s.

• Diabetes, hypertension, and weight problems are common.

• Exercise and healthy diet can diminish the effects of aging.

cardiac output formula

total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output