albrecht

Here are the Albrecht (2010) flashcards in Quizlet format (Term

Definition):

What is the global prevalence of disability according to the 2010 WHO/World Bank report?

Approximately 17% of the world's population — more than one billion people — currently experience disability

What is the persistent conceptual problem in the sociology of disability?

Understanding the relationships among disease, diagnosis, chronic illness, and disability; instruments designed for clinical description were often not appropriately operationalized for sociological research

What did Nagi (1965) define as pathology in his disability model?

An interruption in normal body processes as the body attempts to restore itself to its normal state, caused by disease, trauma, or congenital conditions

What did Nagi (1965) define as impairment?

Anatomical or physiological abnormalities such as an amputated limb or multiple sclerosis

What did Nagi (1965) define as functional limitation?

Restrictions that impairments place on an individual's ability to perform activities and usual roles

What did Nagi (1965) define as disability?

A pattern of behavior that evolves in situations of long-term or continued impairments that are associated with functional limitations

What was the WHO ICIDH (1980) and who developed it?

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; developed by Phillip Wood in collaboration with Mike Bury; widely adopted to classify health-related domains associated with health conditions

Why did sociologists and disability activists critique the early ICIDH models?

They tended to medicalize disability, concentrated on deficits rather than differences, encouraged labeling, reinforced passivity of disabled people, ignored the environment's role in producing disability, and failed to emphasize fundamental human rights

What replaced the ICIDH and when was it approved?

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), approved at the World Health Assembly in 2001, after sustained pressure from sociologists and disability activists

What were the three national traditions that shaped early ICF discussions?

U.S. tradition (focused on individuals, able-bodied vs. disabled distinction, medical model); Swedish tradition (disability as difference, adapt environment to individuals, "normalization"); British tradition (disability as social oppression, product of a discriminatory society)

What is the British Social Model of Disability and who developed it?

Developed in the 1970s by the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS), inspired by Marxist politics; defined disability as the relationship between people with impairments and the society that excludes them; Oliver (1990) advocated for this in The Politics of Disablement

What is Hahn's (1988) minority-group model of disability?

A model developed in the U.S. that treated people with disabilities as a disadvantaged minority group similar to those in race, gender, and ethnicity movements; served as a basis for the ADA (1990)

Who was Irving Zola and why is he significant in disability sociology?

A key disabled scholar-activist who publicly embraced his disability, co-founded the Section for the Study of Chronic Illness, Impairment and Disability (later Society for Disability Studies in 1986), and edited the Disability Studies Quarterly; modeled combining sociological theory with personal experience for public sociology

What is Goffman's (1963) contribution to disability sociology?

His work on stigma — distinguishing stigmas due to abominations of the body, blemishes of individual character, and tribal stigmas — generated research on visible vs. invisible disabilities and differential moral evaluations society attaches to different disabling conditions

What is Labeling Theory (Societal Reaction Theory) as applied to disability?

Developed from theories of deviance; argues that majority representations treat "different" people as deviant, who are then labeled, treated stereotypically, and discriminated against; Mercer (1973) applied this to intellectual disability labeling in schools

What was Scheff's (1966) argument in Being Mentally Ill?

Society views certain behaviors as deviant and labels people mentally ill; the process is mutually reinforcing because labeled people increasingly live up to societal expectations — society makes people mentally ill through its need to categorize deviant behavior

What was Gove's counterargument to Scheff's labeling theory?

The public's perception of mental illness is based on observable behavior, not just socially produced labels; mental illness is a real condition, not merely a social construction

What is medicalization as it applies to disability?

The process by which common conditions (hyperactivity, erectile dysfunction, "feeling down") are defined as deviant and made into medical problems; Zola (1972), Conrad and Schneider (1992), and Conrad (2007) showed how this expanded medical authority over everyday life

What is Bury's (1982) concept of "biographical disruption"?

The idea that chronic illness and disabilities are events and experiences that alter one's identity, plans, and expectations — disrupting the life narrative and forcing renegotiation of one's sense of self

What did Charmaz (1991) contribute to disability sociology?

Introduced the idea of an ebb and flow of feelings, function, and identity through the chronic illness and disability experience — recognizing that disability experience is not static but fluctuates over time

What was the first Center for Independent Living (CIL) and why was it significant?

Formally incorporated in 1972 in Berkeley, CA, led by Ed Roberts and two other spinal cord-injured people; CILs are run and controlled by disabled people and located in communities, not institutions — redefining power dynamics between the medical establishment, state, and disabled people

What is the slogan of the disability rights movement and what does it mean?

"Nothing about us without us" — demanding that disabled people be active participants in decisions, policies, and research that affect their lives, rather than passive subjects of medical or governmental intervention

What is the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 504?

Asserts that people with disabilities have equal rights preventing discrimination based on disability in programs or activities that receive federal funding; resulted directly from grassroots disability rights activism

How does the ADA (1990) expand on previous disability legislation?

Prohibits discrimination in employment, housing, public accommodations, education, and public services — broader than the 1973 Rehabilitation Act, which only covered federally-funded programs

What did the UPIAS (1975) paper in the UK argue about disability?

Reconceptualized disability from a deficit within the individual needing medical intervention to a condition produced by a discriminatory physical, social, political, and economic environment — forming the conceptual basis of the international disability rights movement

How are disabled women multiply disadvantaged?

They are poorer than disabled men, more likely to be heads of households, often viewed as asexual, at greater risk for sexual abuse than nondisabled women, receive less education, and have less access to services than disabled men — bearing multiple intersecting stigmas of gender and disability

What is the "disability paradox"? (Albrecht & Devlieger, 1999)

The finding that seriously disabled people do not necessarily have a poorer quality of life than less disabled people or the general population — challenging the assumption that severe disability equals poor well-being

What is the relationship between disability and poverty?

Disabled people tend to be poor or to become poor through disability; in the U.S., about half of severely disabled people unable to work are entirely dependent on government programs that place them at or below the poverty level; the World Bank views poverty-disability linkage as a major threat to global development

What are social networks in the context of disability sociology?

Social structures comprised of nodes (persons or organizations) tied by communication and interdependency (kinship, friendship, trade, etc.); emerging research shows health conditions like obesity and behaviors like smoking that lead to disability spread through social network ties

What is the Sociology of the Body and how does it apply to disability?

Views disability as a way of being physically and socially embedded in the world; draws on Foucault (how bodies are socially governed/normalized) and Merleau-Ponty (phenomenology of subjective bodily experience); explores how rehabilitation "normalizes" disabled bodies and how disabled people navigate conflicting expectations from medicine and lived experience

What is the political economy perspective on disability?

Stone (1984) and Albrecht (1992) used it to examine how the government defines disability and allocates resources; Albrecht's "disability business" metaphor showed how U.S. rehabilitation is shaped by capitalism, treating health care as a commodity to be marketed for profit

What are the five methodological advances Albrecht identifies for future disability research?

(1) Studying disability across classification boundaries (physical, mental, cognitive together); (2) multilevel modeling of biological, social, and environmental variables simultaneously; (3) longitudinal cohort designs for transition state analyses; (4) mixed methods research; (5) participatory action research treating disabled people as equal research partners

What is participatory action research in disability studies?

Research in which disabled people and community members are treated as equal partners in designing, collecting, and interpreting data; embodies the "Nothing about us without us" principle; addresses validity threats by centering disabled people's knowledge and experience

What are the key strengths of sociological approaches to disability? (Albrecht)

Useful theory on stigma, stress, medicalization, labeling, social networks, health disparities, and neighborhood contexts; contributions to large national and multinational studies; central role in disability rights movement and disability studies as a field; pioneering participatory action research

What are the key weaknesses of sociological approaches to disability? (Albrecht)

Research is largely American and Western-oriented (covers only ~12.8% of world population); physical and mental disabilities are often studied separately despite being experienced together; limited collaboration with geneticists and neurobiologists; insufficient attention to environmental measures; lack of cohort studies tracking transitions in and out of disabled states