unit 2 test nutrition

enzyme that breaks down peptides (proteins)

Protease, Peptidase, Pepsin

carbohydrates that cannot be digested (zero-calorie food)

Fiber

how different types of carbs affect your blood glucose on a scale of 1-100 (pure glucose = 100)

Glycemic Index (GI)

amylase, lipase

Pancreatic secretions

mass of undigested fiber, bacteria, etc.

Feces

enzyme that breaks down fat

Lipase

starch, cellulose

Polysaccharides

most important protease from pancreas

Trypsin

must be digested into simple sugars to enter blood system

Disaccharides

longer energy storage

Polysaccharides

number of calories burned if you rested all day (includes energy used for digestion)

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Liver acid

Bile

ignoring urge to defecate, low-fiber diet

Constipation causes

involved in vitamin B12 absorption

Intrinsic Factor

NSAIDs, H. pylori

Peptic ulcer causes

burning pain in chest after eating

Acid reflux symptoms

taste analysis, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion

Mouth functions

energy source, cell recognition, make smooth surfaces, fill spaces between cells

Function of carbohydrates

amount of energy (calories) spent in a certain time; higher BMR = higher metabolic rate needed

Metabolic rate

stimulates mucus and HCl production

Gastrin

occurs when stomach acid/bile flows into esophagus and irritates the lining; caused by obesity, high-fat diet, NSAIDs

Acid reflux cause

prevents backflow of stomach contents (acidic) into esophagus

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function

total influence of all carbs in a food (GL = GI × grams carbs per serving ÷ 100)

Glycemic Load (GL)

study of interplay between food and genetics

Nutrigenomics

plants use starch to store energy, animals use glycogen

Polysaccharides

weak intestinal walls that form balloon-like structures

Diverticuli

enzyme that breaks down sucrose (table sugar)

Sucrase

monosaccharide

Carbohydrate monomer

Hydrochloric acid

Stomach acid needed for protein digestion

mass of food mixed with saliva

Bolus

digestive enzymes, peptidase

Pancreatic secretions

enzyme that breaks down lactose

Lactase

formation of diverticuli

Diverticulosis

antibiotics, fiber

Diverticulitis treatment

watery mixture of partially digested food and secretions from liver/pancreas

Chyme

sphincters

Peristalsis regulated by

lifestyle changes, antacids, surgery

Acid reflux treatment

celiac causes inflammation, gluten intolerance causes irritation

Gluten intolerance vs celiac disease

chronic acid reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

enzyme that breaks down starch

Amylase

break down nucleic acids

Nucleases

body uses carbs to make ATP

Intense exercise

increase blood glucose levels at slower rate (healthier food)

Low GI

number of calories body needs to burn per day to perform basic functions while fasting

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

beets, dairy

Galactose source

diet changes, increase physical activity

Constipation treatment

sugar + fiber + starch

Total carbohydrates

quick source of energy

Monosaccharides

sweet things

Fructose source

chronic inflammation due to gluten

Celiac disease

stomach acid erodes lining of stomach → pain, bleeding, perforation

Peptic ulcers

fruits/honey

Fructose source

inflamed/ruptured diverticuli (food gets stuck)

Diverticulitis

stomach pain, weight loss, vomiting

Peptic ulcer symptoms

antibiotics

Peptic ulcer treatment

how to get ATP from food

Bonds in food break → energy released → energy used to make ATP