Respiratory System.

sequence in which air travel through out trachea

1. enters the nasal cavity filtering through mucus and hairs humidifying the air

2. travels through the pharynx, until being sepearted into the trachea by the epiglottis (flap of elastic cartilage) by covering the oesophagus

3. Moves to the larynx (vocal cords) into the trachea

larynx function

voice box - contains mucous membranes that vibrate as air passes through.

trachea structure

C shaped cartilage rings holding structure open, the epithelial lining of trachea produces mucus trapping debris

difference between bronchi and bronchioles

Bronchi - larger cartilage filled airways that branch from the trachea

Bronchioles - smaller cartilage free airways of smooth muscle that branch from the bronchi

Covers the surface of the lung and lines the inside chest

pleural membrane

lungs ( visceral pleura)

chest (the parietal pleura)

found between the visceral and parietal pleura

Pleural fluid - holds lungs against inside of chest wall and allows them to slide along wall when breathing

Alveoli

cluster of air sacs with very thin walls in the lungs surrounded by blood capillaries

surrounded by blood capillaries for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Intercostal muscles

muscles between the ribs moving the ribs cage up and down

increase the volume of the chest cavity

Diaphragm

muscle separating chest from abdomen.

contracts and flattens

increase volume of the chest cavity

another word for breathing

ventilation

Air flows into and out of lungs?

air flows from high to low pressure

inspiration/inhalation

Process of taking air into the lungs

Inspiration happens cuz

pressure of air in the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure

increasing volume in lungs

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.

expiration/exhalation.

pressure of air in the lungs is more than the atmospheric pressure

diaphragm bulges more into chest cavity - rib cage?

Rib cage moves downwards - diaphragm?

decrease in volume of chest cavity and lungs.

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax

expiration process

passive

alveoli suited for gas exchange

big internal surface area

large amounts of gases be exchanged in short time

individual alveolus suited for gas exchange

Surrounded with blood capillaries

continuous flow of blood maintains difference in concentrations

alveolus membrane suited for gas exchange

very thin so gas molecules do not have far to travel - more efficient

lungs suited for gas exchange

positioned deep in body to prevent evaporation of the fluid that covering respiratory surfaces ( gases only diffuse in fluid)

supplies blood capillaries around alveoli

pulmonary arteries.

Bood coming into the alveoli

deoxygenated blood (already been through body which has taken all the oxygen and picked up carbon dioxide)

diffusion in the Alveoli

Carbon dioxide diffuses from higher concentration in blood

to lower concentration in air in alveolus.

conc gradient in gas exchange maintained

constant flow of blood through the capillaries.

movement of air into and out of the alveoli

diseases of respiratory system

1. Asthma

2. Lung cancer

3. Emphysema

4. Bronchitis

5. pneumonia

6. tuberculosis

Asthma

airways are inflamed and filled with mucas

• Inheritance

• Allergies

• Environmental factors

• Infections

Lung cancer

uncontrolled growth of cells lining airways

• tobacco smoking

• job exposure

• radioactive gas

Emphysema

Chronic disease damaging alveoli ( reduces elasticityand SA)

• Smoking

• Environmental exposure

• genetics

Bronchitis

Inflammation of bronchial tubes ( swelling producing mucus)

• Acute (infections)

• Chronic (smoking)

Pneumonia

Inflection where alveoli fills with fluid and pus (impacting gas exchange)

• Bacterial

• Virus

• Fungi

Tuberculosis

Bacteria build up in the lungs ca spread to kidney and brain

• transmission

• weak immune system.