HCS 212 TEST BANK 19

The cells of the endocrine and nervous systems work together to

A) provide widespread physiological effects throughout the body.

B) provide long-lasting effects on a systemic basis.

C) monitor and adjust physiological activities in the body at any given moment.

D) affect target organs, which are restricted to nerve, gland, muscle, and fat cells.

E) provide gradual onset of the systemic effects.

c

Which of the following is (are) unique to the suprarenal medullae?

A) The suprarenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion.

B) Some cells of the suprarenal medulla secrete epinephrine.

C) The systemic effects of the suprarenal medulla are long lasting.

D) Some cells of the suprarenal medulla secrete norepinephrine.

E) All of the answers are correct.

c

Hormones influence cellular operations by changing which of the following features of cytoplasmic enzymes?

A) types

B) quantities

C) activities

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Hypothalamic centers regulate nervous and endocrine system activities by

A) direct neural control over endocrine cells.

B) acting as an endocrine organ, releasing ADH and oxytocin.

C) secreting regulatory hormones to control pituitary gland activities.

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Changes in the composition of extracellular fluid are called

A) hormonal stimuli.

B) humoral stimuli.

C) neural stimuli.

D) endocrine reflexes.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Negative feedback on a releasing hormone by the presence of a peripheral hormone is an example of which type of endocrine reflex?

A) humoral

B) hormonal

C) neural

D) central

E) inhibitory

b

Amino acid derivative hormones and closely related compounds are structurally similar to individual amino acids, and include

A) catecholamines and thyroid hormones.

B) lipids and epinephrine.

C) melatonin.

D) steroids.

E) eicosanoids.

a

Most endocrine reflexes are controlled by

A) the nervous system.

B) positive feedback.

C) negative feedback.

D) autoregulation.

E) All of the answers are correct.

c

All endocrine structures develop from ________ tissue.

A) connective

B) neural

C) epithelial

D) muscle

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Hormones can alter cellular operations by changing

A) the quantities of enzymes.

B) the activities of enzymes in the cell.

C) the types of enzymes in the cell.

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) None of the answers are correct.

e

A lipid that has been implicated in causing heart and blood vessel problems, but is necessary for the production of corticosteroids, is

A) sugar.

B) unsaturated fat.

C) cholesterol.

D) aldosterone.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Which of the following organs secrete hormones?

(1) pancreas

(2) liver

(3) brain

(4) suprarenal cortex

(5) suprarenal medulla

(6) thymus

(7) ovary

(8) testis

(9) thyroid gland

(10) pineal gland

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

B) 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

C) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

D) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9

E) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

a

What organ(s) is(are) nervous in structure but endocrine in function?

A) thymus

B) posterior pituitary

C) anterior pituitary

D) thyroid

E) gonads

b

Stretch of the uterus causes the posterior lobe of the pituitary to release

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

B) luteinizing hormone (LH).

C) oxytocin (OT).

D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

E) growth hormone (GH).

c

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

A) release of PTH in response to low calcium levels

B) release of oxytocin in response to smooth muscle contraction in the uterus

C) release of insulin in response to low blood sugar

D) release of insulin in response to high blood sugar

E) ADH release due to low blood pressure

b

ADH is manufactured by the

A) posterior pituitary.

B) paraventricular nucleus.

C) suprachiasmatic nucleus.

D) supraoptic nucleus.

E) anterior pituitary.

d

The two hormones released by the neurohypophysis are

A) thyroid hormone and somatotropin.

B) estrogen and progesterone.

C) ADH and oxytocin.

D) GH and prolactin.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Inhibiting hormones (IH) directly cause

A) all types of hormones to decrease secretion.

B) decreased secretion from the anterior pituitary.

C) decreased pancreatic secretion.

D) a decrease in thyroid function.

E) androgen secretion.

b

The hypophyseal portal system allows

A) blood from the brain to drain to the internal jugular vein.

B) regulating hormones to go directly from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

C) the blood—brain barrier to include the pituitary gland.

D) wastes from the brain to stimulate the pituitary.

E) All of the answers are correct.

b

Hormones released into the interstitial fluid by the anterior pituitary enter the circulation easily because

A) the adjacent capillaries are fenestrated to permit passage of large molecules into the circulation.

B) a strong countercurrent mechanism maintains a concentration gradient that draws them in.

C) they pass easily through the infundibulum.

D) they are brought through the choroid plexus by active transport.

E) None of the answers are correct.

a

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) causes the release of

A) thyroid hormones by the pituitary.

B) gonadotropins by the testes.

C) growth hormone by the pituitary.

D) hypothalamic releasing hormones.

E) glucocorticoids by the suprarenal cortex.

e

Another name for the adenohypophysis is

A) hypophysis.

B) neurohypophysis.

C) pars intermedia.

D) anterior lobe.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

The anterior pituitary can be divided into three regions:

A) neurohypophysis, infundibulum, and adenohypophysis.

B) pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia.

C) supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, and paraventricular nuclei.

D) adenohypophysis, hypophyseal portal, and neurohypophysis.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Which hormone stimulates ovulation and the secretion of progesterone by ovarian cells?

A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

C) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

D) luteinizing hormone (LH)

E) oxytocin (OT)

d

The only hormone to target all cells to some degree is

A) thyroid hormone.

B) insulin.

C) growth hormone (GH).

D) luteinizing hormone (LH).

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Which hormone decreases the concentration of calcium ions in body fluids?

A) parathyroid hormone

B) triiodothyronine

C) thymosin

D) calcitonin

E) thyroxin

d

Which of the following describes the function of C cells?

A) They produce the hormone calcitonin.

B) They lie among the cuboidal follicle cells in the thyroid gland.

C) Their secretions assist the function of parathyroid hormone.

D) They are larger than the cells of the follicular epithelium.

E) These cells do not stain as clearly as do the follicular cells.

a

The thyroid gland is located just inferior to the

A) trachea.

B) esophagus.

C) larynx.

D) heart.

E) spinal column.

c

The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the

A) infundibulum.

B) isthmus.

C) thyroid chiasm.

D) medulla.

E) cortex.

b

Which gland stores its hormone extracellularly?

A) pituitary

B) pancreas

C) kidney

D) thyroid

E) suprarenal cortex

d

Which of the following hormones contains iodine in its structure?

A) erythropoietin

B) growth hormone

C) thyroxine

D) angiotensin I

E) thymosins

c

Decreased levels of parathyroid hormone could result in

A) muscle weakness.

B) profuse urination.

C) a depressed immune system.

D) increased sweating.

E) All of the answers are correct.

a

The chief cells of the parathyroid gland monitor

A) blood calcium levels.

B) blood glucose levels.

C) blood phosphate levels.

D) calcitonin levels.

E) None of the answers are correct.

a

The targets for PTH can be found in the

A) heart.

B) kidneys.

C) bones.

D) small intestine.

E) kidneys and the bones.

e

Calcitriol is

A) a steroid.

B) a form of vitamin D.

C) used to increase blood calcium levels.

D) produced in response to PTH.

E) All of the answers are correct.

e

The hormone that acts to oppose the effects of calcitonin is

A) secreted by the thyroid glands.

B) triiodothyronine.

C) parathyroid hormone.

D) secreted by the thymus.

E) growth hormone.

c

Which of the following is true of the suprarenal cortex?

A) It is yellow in color because of the presence of stored lipids.

B) It consists of three different layers.

C) Each zone synthesizes different steroid hormones.

D) If one zone is damaged, levels of the hormone it makes will decrease in the blood.

E) All of the answers are correct.

e

The ________ is firmly attached to the superior border of the kidney.

A) pancreas

B) suprarenal gland

C) stomach

D) thyroid

E) All of the answers are correct.

b

Which of the following is (are) a mineralocorticoid?

A) androgens

B) thyroxine

C) aldosterone

D) ADH

E) cortisol

c

The zona glomerulosa is so named because its glandular cells are arranged as

A) longitudinal cords.

B) tight clusters of cells.

C) a highly branched system.

D) individual cells surrounded by matrix.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Over three-quarters of the suprarenal cortex is the

A) zona glomerulosa.

B) zona reticularis.

C) zona fasciculata.

D) medulla.

E) capsule.

c

Special neural cells develop into the

A) suprarenal cortex.

B) suprarenal medulla.

C) thyroid gland.

D) pituitary gland.

E) pancreas.

b

The zona reticularis releases very small amounts of

A) aldosterone.

B) glucocorticoids.

C) mineralocorticoids.

D) androgens.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

How do the cells of the suprarenal medulla differ from other glandular cells?

A) They do not differ from other cells.

B) They form from modified sympathetic ganglionic neurons.

C) They are a modified parasympathetic ganglion.

D) They are chief cells that have migrated from the kidneys.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

Damage to the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in

A) the disappearance of axillary and pubic hair.

B) an decrease in urine volume.

C) decreased ability to synthesize glucose.

D) increased water retention.

E) decreased blood glucose levels.

c

An enzyme produced by the kidneys that is important for the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume is

A) angiotensin I.

B) renin.

C) thyroxine.

D) thymosin.

E) bilirubin.

b

A kidney hormone that stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow is

A) erythropoietin.

B) renin.

C) angiotensin II.

D) insulin.

E) None of the answers are correct.

a

Which of the following cell types produces insulin?

A) gamma cells

B) beta cells

C) delta cells

D) alpha cells

E) All of the answers are correct.

b

About 1 percent of the pancreas is located in structures known as

A) alpha cells.

B) beta cells.

C) pancreatic islets.

D) the exocrine pancreas.

E) pancreatic arteries.

c

The testis in the male produces androgens in (the)

A) testicular medulla.

B) interstitial cells.

C) epididymis.

D) Sertoli cells.

E) None of the answers are correct.

b

The main hormone(s) secreted by the female ovaries include

A) estrogens.

B) testosterone.

C) antidiuretic hormone.

D) prostaglandins.

E) follicle-stimulating hormone.

a

Sustentacular cells, which help support sperm development, release the hormone

A) FSH.

B) testosterone.

C) LH.

D) inhibin.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

The hormone most important in supporting the maturation of the oocyte and growth of the uterine lining is

A) progesterone.

B) progestin.

C) estradiol.

D) LH.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

The most important hormone produced by the pineal gland is

A) renin.

B) erythropoietin.

C) melatonin.

D) somatostatin.

E) None of the answers are correct.

c

Subcutaneous swelling, dry skin, hair loss, low body temperature, muscular weakness, and slowed reflexes are symptoms of

A) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

B) ketoacidosis.

C) goiter.

D) diabetes insipidus.

E) None of the answers are correct.

e

The conditions of polyuria, low blood volume, and high blood potassium concentrations result from the underproduction of

A) insulin.

B) thyroxine.

C) aldosterone.

D) estradiol.

E) testosterone.

c

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

A) a decrease in levels of insulin.

B) an increase in levels of insulin.

C) a decrease of ADH.

D) a decrease in the number of insulin receptors.

E) increased levels of aldosterone.

c

Myxedema and cretinism can result from the underproduction of

A) insulin.

B) thyroxine.

C) thymosin.

D) estrogens.

E) androgens.

b

Gigantism and acromegaly occur as a result of

A) overproduction of growth hormone.

B) overproduction of parathyroid hormone.

C) insufficient secretion of epinephrine.

D) insufficient production of estrogen.

E) overproduction of mineralocorticoids.

a

Early menopause in women will occur if

A) insulin levels and production decline too rapidly.

B) androgen production becomes too high.

C) erythropoietin levels are maintained at too high a level in the blood.

D) the production of estrogens declines too much to support ovulation.

E) None of the answers are correct.

d

Which of the following results from the overproduction of thyroid hormone?

A) aldosteronism

B) Graves' disease

C) gynecomastia

D) Addison's disease

E) diabetes mellitus

b

All cellular activities and metabolic reactions are controlled by ________.

enzymes

The hormones released by the gonads belong to a class of compounds called ________.

steroids

The ________ extends from the hypothalamus inferiorly to the posterior and superior surfaces of the pituitary gland.

infundibulum

ADH and oxytocin are called ________ because they are produced and secreted by neurons.

neurosecretions

Antidiuretic hormone is also called ________.

vasopressin

The veins that link two capillary systems are called ________.

portal systems

The production of hormones in the anterior pituitary is controlled by the ________ as well as by feedback from the target organs.

hypothalamus

The only hormone released by the pars intermedia of the pituitary is ________.

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

________ promotes the development of oocytes (female gametes) within the ovaries of mature women. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer).

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

The ________ are the small cells that secrete parathyroid hormone.

principal or chief cells

The steroid hormone produced by the kidneys in response to the presence of PTH is ________.

calcitriol

The primary hormones secreted by the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex are collectively known as the ________.

glucocorticoids

The primary hormones secreted by the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex are collectively known as the ________.

glucocorticoids

The ________, the outermost suprarenal cortical region, accounts for about 15 percent of the cortical volume.

zona glomerulosa

Converted to its active form in the lung capillaries, the hormone ________ stimulates the suprarenal production of aldosterone.

angiotensin II

The secretion of ________ by nurse cells suppresses FSH release from the anterior pituitary.

inhibin

________ induces ovulation in females and production of androgens (testosterone) in males. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer).

Luteinizing hormone

A high metabolic rate and elevated body temperature are symptoms of the thyroid disorder known as ________.

Graves' disease

An enlarged thyroid gland associated with thyroid hyposecretion is called a ________.

goiter

Aldosterone is released from the suprarenal cortex.

true

T4 is released from the thyroid gland.

true

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex secretes ________.

androgens

Oxytocin is released from the anterior pituitary gland.

false

Growth hormone is released from the suprarenal cortex.

false

Hormonal control of endocrine function is determined by other hormones.

true

Negative feedback rushes to a process to completion.

false

Epinephrine is released for the posterior pituitary gland.

false

The hypothalamus is controlled by negative feedback.

true

Neural control of endocrine function is determined by the arrival of neurotransmitter at a neuroglandular synapse.

true

Chemosensitive control of endocrine function is regulated by changes in extracellular fluid.

false

TSH affects the thymus.

false

ACTH affects the adenoids.

false

FSH affects fat tissue.

false

Epinephrine is secreted in greater amounts than norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla.

true

The hormone somatostatin is secreted by beta cells.

false

The hormone glucagon is secreted by G-cells.

false

Insulin is secreted by beta cells.

true

Oxytocin (OT) affects the uterus.

true

ADH affects the kidneys.

true