APUSH Semester 1 Final

Encomienda system

A labor system instituted by the Spanish crown during the colonization of the Americas, granting colonists the right to extract labor from indigenous peoples.

Motivations for migrating to the New World

Economic opportunities, religious freedom, and adventure drove many Europeans to migrate.

Contrasting New England and The Chesapeake

New England economies were based on mixed agriculture and trade, while Chesapeake economies relied heavily on tobacco plantations and slave labor.

The Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's voyages.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that trade generates wealth and that a government's power depends on its wealth.

Bacon’s Rebellion

A 1676 rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley's administration, highlighting class struggles.

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized individual piety and a personal relationship with God.

African Slavery

The system of forced labor that became integral to the economic and social fabric of the Southern colonies.

Stamp Act

A 1765 British law that imposed a tax on all printed materials in the colonies, leading to widespread protest.

Methods of colonial resistance

Colonial efforts included boycotts, protests, and the formation of groups like the Sons of Liberty.

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

Paine's pamphlet published in 1776 that argued for American independence from Britain.

Key Battles of Revolutionary War

Important battles include Saratoga, Trenton and Princeton, and Yorktown, which were crucial for the American victory.

Shays Rebellion

A 1786-1787 uprising led by angry Massachusetts farmers protesting economic injustices and tax policies.

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Legislation that established a framework for government in the Northwest Territory and outlined the process for admitting new states.

Constitutional Convention-Issues-Resolutions

Debates over representation, slavery, and federal power led to compromises including the Great Compromise and the 3/5ths Compromise.

Debates over Constitution-Federalist/Anti-Federalists

Federalists supported a strong central government; Anti-Federalists feared it would undermine individual liberties.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 revolt by farmers against the federal excise tax on whiskey, demonstrating the government's ability to suppress violent resistance.

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

A proposal by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the American economy through the establishment of a national bank and assuming state debts.

The Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans

The first political parties in the U.S.; Federalists advocated for a strong central government while Jeffersonian Republicans favored states' rights.

Washington’s Farewell Address

A speech given in 1796 warning against political parties and foreign alliances.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed in 1798 that restricted immigration and limited free speech, seen as a response to fears of dissent.

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident in 1797 between the U.S. and France that led to an undeclared naval war.

Eli Whitney

Inventor known for the cotton gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry.

Hamilton and Burr

Political rivals whose conflict culminated in a duel in 1804, resulting in Hamilton's death.

Marbury v Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the United States.

War of 1812-Causes and Effect

Causes included trade restrictions and impressment; effects included a surge in nationalism and the decline of the Federalist Party.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas, stating the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European powers.

War with Mexico-Cause and Effect

Causes included territorial disputes and the annexation of Texas; effects included significant territorial gains for the U.S.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 that permitted Maine to enter as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, maintaining the balance.

Whigs and Democrats

Two prominent political parties in the mid-19th century; Whigs favored federal action while Democrats tended to support states' rights.

2nd Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival in the early 19th century that led to a surge in religious fervor and social reforms.

John Marshall and the Supreme Court

Marshall’s tenure as Chief Justice established the Supreme Court's role in affirming federal authority.

Vesey, Prosser, Turner

Leaders of significant slave uprisings in the early 19th century, highlighting resistance against slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent abolitionist who published 'The Liberator' and advocated for immediate emancipation.

Market Revolution

A period of economic transformation characterized by the shift to a market-oriented economy.

Canals, Steamboats, Railroads

Innovations that facilitated transportation and commerce during the 19th century.

Jackson and the Election of 1828

The election characterized by populism and the emergence of the Democratic party under Andrew Jackson.

The 'Common Man'

The idea that political participation was open to average citizens, a core principle of Jacksonian democracy.

Spoils System or Rotation in Office

Jackson's practice of appointing loyal supporters to government positions.

Bank War

Jackson's campaign against the Second Bank of the United States, culminating in its dissolution.

Kitchen Cabinet

An informal group of advisors to President Jackson, highlighting his reliance on trusted friends.

Internal Improvements (Maysville Road Veto)

Jackson's veto of a federal subsidy for a road project, reflecting his opposition to federal funding for localized projects.

Nullification Controversy

A political crisis in the 1830s when South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs.

Specie Circular

An 1836 order requiring payment for government land in gold or silver, leading to deflation and financial panic.

Indian Removal

The policy established under President Andrew Jackson to relocate Native Americans to designated territories west of the Mississippi.

'Trail of Tears'

The forced relocation of Cherokee Indians in the 1830s, resulting in significant suffering and death.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis triggered by bank failures and a collapse in the economy, leading to widespread unemployment.

Henry Clay’s American System

An economic plan that called for tariffs, a national bank, and federal subsidies for infrastructure.

Textile Mills

Factories that produced textiles, marking a significant development in the Industrial Revolution.

Onset of Manufacturing in New England-Why?

Factors included abundant waterways, access to raw materials, and a growing labor force.

Compromise of 1850

A package of five bills aimed at resolving sectional tensions regarding slavery and territorial expansion.
1. California became a free state
2. Utah and New Mexico became territories
3. New Mexico and Texas’s boundary dispute was settled
4. The Fugitive Slave Act
5. The slave trade was banned in DC

'54’ 40 or fight!'

A slogan used in the 1844 presidential campaign concerning the Oregon territory dispute.

Popular sovereignty

The principle that the settlers of a given territory should decide whether or not to allow slavery.

Dred Scott v Sanford

An 1857 Supreme Court case that ruled African Americans could not be considered citizens.

Election of 1860

A decisive election won by Abraham Lincoln that precipitated the secession of Southern states.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Union and Confederacy

The Union had greater industrial capacity, while the Confederacy had strong military leadership.

Lincoln’s view of the War

Lincoln believed the Civil War was necessary to preserve the Union and ultimately to abolish slavery.

Turning Points in Civil War-Antietam, Gettysburg, Fall of Atlanta

Major battles that shifted the momentum towards the Union cause.

Emancipation Proclamation

The 1863 executive order by Lincoln freeing slaves in the Confederate states.

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

Terms used to describe Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and Northerners who moved to the South, respectively.

Reconstruction Failures and Successes

Efforts to integrate Freedmen into society saw limited success due to resistance and systemic racism.

Black Codes

Laws passed in the South restricting the rights of freed African Americans.

President Johnson and Reconstruction

Johnson's approach to Reconstruction was lenient towards the South, which created conflict with Congress.

Impeachment

The process by which a sitting president is charged with misconduct; Andrew Johnson was impeached in 1868.

Radical, Congressional, or Military Reconstruction

A period marked by stricter measures to integrate and protect the rights of freedmen.

Share-cropping and Crop-lien system

Systems that economically bound farmers to landowners following the Civil War, perpetuating cycles of poverty.

The Compromise of 1877

An agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election and ended Reconstruction.

Transcontinental Railroad and U.S. Government-Pacific Railway Act

Legislation that facilitated the construction of a railroad linking the East and West coasts.

Workers on the Union and Central Pacific Railroads

Laborers, including Chinese immigrants and Irish workers, played crucial roles in building the transcontinental railroad.

Homestead Act

A 1862 law that granted 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee, encouraging westward migration.

Life for the Plains Indians –Significance of the Buffalo

Buffalo were crucial for the Plains Indians' way of life, providing food, clothing, and materials.

Ghost Dance

A religious movement among Native Americans in the late 19th century advocating for a return of the dead and restoration of their lands.

Wounded Knee (1890)

A massacre of Lakota Sioux by U.S. soldiers, marking the end of Native American resistance.

Board of Indian Commissioners

A government agency established to oversee relations with Native Americans, intended to enforce policies of assimilation.

Indian Schools

Institutions aimed at assimilating Native American children into Euro-American culture.

Treaty of Fort Laramie

An 1868 agreement that defined the territory of the Lakota Nation and guaranteed their rights to certain lands.

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Legislation aimed at assimilating Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land.

Helen Hunt Jackson

An activist for Native American rights and author of 'A Century of Dishonor,' which exposed injustices faced by Native Americans.

Second Sioux War and The Battle of Little Bighorn

Conflicts between the U.S. government and Native American tribes culminating in a notable defeat for U.S. troops at Little Bighorn.

Turner’s Frontier Thesis

The argument that the unique American character was shaped by the experience of westward expansion.

Women’s Suffrage in The West

The movement advocating for women's voting rights, notably successful in Western states earlier than in the East.