Unit 7

Industrialization

Using machines and large-scale processes to convert raw materials into finished goods.

Industrial Revolution

A series of technological advances in the 18th century that resulted in more complex machinery, allowing for faster and more efficient production.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Improvements in farm machinery and techniques that increased agricultural productivity.

Working Class

The social class that consists of industrial workers who often held dangerous jobs and lived in crowded housing.

Urban Growth Effects

Overcrowding, increased poverty, starvation, pollution, and higher risks of pandemics.

Economic Sectors

Categories of economic activities: primary (extraction), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services), quaternary (knowledge-based), and quinary (high-level decision making).

Weber's Least Cost Theory

A model that predicts the optimal location for manufacturing industries based on transportation costs, labor costs, and the benefits of agglomeration.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of officially recorded goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given year.

Human Development Index (HDI)

An index that measures a country's development based on life expectancy, education, and per capita income.

Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality).

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

An index that measures gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

A model suggesting that countries progress through five stages of development, from traditional society to high mass consumption.

Core-Periphery Model

A theory that describes the relationship between economically developed core countries and less developed peripheral countries.

Dependency Theory

A theory asserting that resources flow from the periphery (poor countries) to the core (wealthy countries), sustaining the latter's wealth.

Brandt Line

A conceptual division that separates the wealthier northern hemisphere (MDCs) from the poorer southern hemisphere (LDCs).