Social 9

What is a group?

2 or people who are interdependent, meaning thier goals and needs influence eachother

Why do poeple join groups?

to help with survival, identity, and guidence.

what is similarity?

groups attract people who are already similar and then increase similarity through influence.

what is cohesiveness?

the bond that keeps members connected and committed.

social roles

shared expectations about how people should act and behave in a group

what is group cohesiveness?

the degree to which members are bonded and motivated to stay in the group.

what are social roles?

expectations about how people should behave in certain positons.

why can social roles be a problem?

when they are to rigid, people can become overly absorbed in them and loose thier individuality.

what are gender roles?

cultural expectations for how men and women should behave.

what is gender role conflict?

when these expectations are restrictive and cause stress on a persons identity

what is replication?

when reaserchers repeat a study and get the same results.

what was the replication crisis?

many studies failed to produce the same results, showing issues with reliability in research

what is arousal?

The activation of the body and mind for behavior, it increases intensisty and can impact quality of performance.

what is the yerkes dodson law?

performance is best at moderate levels of arousal. high arousal- good for easy tasks but harms difficult tasks

why do people cause arousal?

Through alertness, evaluation anxiety, and distraction.

performance: how did zajonc build on reaserch?

showing that the presence of others does not always improve performance, depends on the task.

what was zajoncs methods and finding?

Cockroaches with easy and difficult tasks, they performed better on easy tasks but worse on difficult taksa, proving others increase arousal

what is social facilitation?

being around other people changes how well you perform. it makes you do the most natural response strongly. If your teammates are watching you do something youre good at youll perform even better. if your learning a new dance and people are watching, arousal will increase and you will do worse.

what is social loafing?

people put less effort in a group because thier individual contribution is not noticable.

how can social loafing be reduced?

increasing accontability, motivation, and group cohesion

how is social loafing affected by gender and culture?

women are less likely because they value relationships more. people from collectivist cultures are less likely to loaf because they prioritize group sucsess.

how to see facillitation vs loafing

facilitation happens when accountability is involved. loafing happens when there is not.

what is deindividuation?

when people in groups loose self awareness leading to behavior they normally wouldnt do.

what causes deindividuation?

low accountability, strong group norms. large groups make it easier to feel less responsible for their actions.

what can enhance deivididualtion

uniforms, closeness, strict rules.

what did diener find?

when kids were in a group or anonymous they stole extra candy. when you are less responsible or unidentafiable, it leads to more bad decisions.

why are people mean online?

people are often anonymmous, which decreases accountability. makes them more likley to say things they wouldnt face to face.

what is process loss?

when group interaction reduces efficency or quality. one person has a good idea but its going to take long so they decide on something eaiser. makes the final outcome mid. the group naje the outcome worse than it couldve been.

what is groupthink?

when desire for harmony overrides good descion making. one person suggests an idea that isnt great but nobody wants to argue and everyone stays quiet so there is no conflict.

How can leaders disscourage groupthink

create open discussions, stay neutral, and seek outside opinions.

what is group polarization?

talking in a group makes a opinion more exteme/ stronger

why does group polarization happen?

you hear more reasons supporting your opinion, you want to fit in. skipping class isnt that bad, you all talk about it and everyone shares why its fine, and agree that skipping class is totally fine and are encouraged to do it.

how is leadership related to personality?

leadership effectiveness depends more on situation than personality.

why is leadership challenging for women

they face a double bind, expected to be warm, but also assertive leaders. acting a certain way can make them seem unfit, but the other can make them disliked.

what is the tragedy of the commons

people overuse something because they want it for themselves. a bunch of people share a feild for cows. each person who has a ow gains profit, too many cows, the grass gets eaten and nobody can use the grass anymore.

what is a social dilemma

when an individual benefit conflicts with a group benefit. if everyone chooses for themselves, the group suffers.

what is the prisoners dilemma?

people often choose whats best for themselves, even when cooperation would be better for everyone.

how can you increase cooperation

closeness, repeated interaction, positive feaming. shared goals and relationships encourages cooperation.