units 6-7 key terms from prep book

Conservatism from Burke

modern conservatism rooted in his writings. he attacked the principles of the rights of man and natural law as dangerous to the social order and traditionalism as basic for authority.

joseph de maistre (1753-1821)

writer of more extreme reactionary conservatism (left France during french revolution) said church should stand at foundation of society because all authority stemmed from God. advocated for strict monarchs

individuals natural rights

a basic idea of liberalism. found in writings of the enlightenment.

classical school

a liberal economic idea of free markets, self-regulating economies, minimal government intervention (laissez-faire), and free trade

adam smith (1723-1790)

the founder of liberal economics in “an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations” in 1776 which challenged mercantilism in two ways

1)specialists have natural skills and could produce a lot of money if nations worked together

2)government fixed prices where counterproductive.

Laissez-faire

a liberal economics policy that let individual businesses set their own prices and production levels

thomas Malthus (1766-1834) and David Ricardo (1772-1823)

classic economists that reached depressing conclusions- the population is growing fast and eventually would run out of food so paying less means less childrens and that lower wages meant an advantage against competetors

iron law of wages

associated with David Ricardo asserting that real wages naturally tend toward the minimum level necessary to sustain worker life, subsistence, and reproduction

john Stuart mill (1806-1873)

provided justification for expanded roles of government because it was there to better life for the people. furthered his teacher Jeremy benthams ideas on utilitarianism. also countered democratic rule due to minority voting of majority and was a feminist because of his wife

jeremy bentham and utilitarianism (1748-1832)

idea that government should seek to provide ‘greatest happiness for the greatest number”

Socialism

Socialism is an economic and political system based on public or collective ownership of the means of production, aimed at reducing inequality and ensuring equitable wealth distribution

Utopian socialists

early socialists who believed expansion possibilities were available to mankind. basically very radical and complete change of society

Karl marx

German philosopher, political theorist, economist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He developed historical materialism, analyzing capitalism as a system of class struggle by economic forces, predicting its overthrow by the proletariat in favor of communism

Louis XVIII (1755-1824)

the king after napoleon’s time who was forced to listen to a constitution but he held ultimate power. he was fair and not super troublesome

charles X (1824-1830)

very strict and wanting to punish the french revolutionists. ruled death penalty for any attacks on the church. appointed ultra royalists. got overthrown.

July ordinances

series of decrees set forth by Charles X and Jules Armand de Polignac, the chief minister, in July 1830. They included suspending press freedom, dissolving the newly elected Chamber of Deputies, reducing the electorate, and calling for new elections, sparking a massive, armed insurrection

july revolution of 1830

second French Revolution after the first of 1789–99. It led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans

July monarchy (1830-1848)

a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe until overthrown in the 1848 revolutions

Spain revolutions of 1810s

spanish people not wanting to be ruled absolutely after ferdinand VII didn’t listen to them leading to large revolt that got put down by the superpowers

Carbonari 1800-1831

a 19th-century secret society and revolutionary movement in Italy, France, and Spain. They promoted liberal and patriotic ideals, aiming to overthrow autocratic regimes, establish constitutional monarchies or republics, and unify Italy

Troppau protocol

started by Metternich to stop the Naples revolt in Italy. it stated the great European powers had the right to intervene in revolutionary situations.

the Greek revolts success 1821

the greeks were ruled by the ottomans and got independence in 1821 with the super powers support only because it weakened the ottoman empire.

Eastern question

the issue of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries and the subsequent strategic competition and political considerations of the European great powers in light of this

nicholas I (r. 1825-1855)

Russian tsar after Alexander I. quickly settled a revolt to try and overpower him then ruled with an iron fist.

decembrist revolt 1825

a failed coup d'état led by liberal military and political dissidents against the Russian Empire

Peterloo massacre 1819

the revolt of 60k people at St petersfield demanding universal male suffrage handled by soldiers shooting 11 people.

Six acts 1819

british parliaments repressive acts after a large revolt that banned demonstrations and began censorship.

combination acts 1799-1800 repelled in 1824-1825

British parliamentary laws that prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining, driven by fears of the French Revolution and rising industrial unrest. They outlawed worker associations seeking better wages or hours, imposing harsh penalties like imprisonment

great reform bill 1832

landmark British legislation that overhauled the electoral system by abolishing "rotten boroughs," redistributing parliamentary seats to industrial cities, and extending the franchise to roughly 1 in 6 adult males

poor law of 1834

evolutionized social welfare in England and Wales by replacing decentralized, parish-based relief with a strict, centralized system aimed at reducing costs and eliminating "outdoor relief" (help at home)

factory act of 1833

a landmark British law designed to regulate child labor in textile factories, establishing a maximum 48-hour week for children aged 9–13 and a 69-hour week for those aged 13–18. no work for under 9 years old

corn laws 1846

imposed tariffs on imported grain to protect British landowners, were repealed in June 1846 by Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel following intense pressure from the Anti-Corn Law League, economic distress, and the Irish Potato Famine. repeal is example of shift towards free trade

emperor Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916)

new austrian ruler who relied on military forces to end conflicts.

potato famine of 1846

the 1840s were terrible agricultural years and in Ireland one million died of starvation and one million fled Ireland.

french rebellion of 1848

that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic. It introduced universal male suffrage, abolished slavery in French colonies, and established the "right to work" through National Workshops, although social tensions led to the violent June Days Uprising before the election of Louis Napoleon as President

Louis Blanc (1811-1882)

a radical socialist journalists who’s supporters forced the french gov to create national workshops

national workshops of 1848

aimed to combat severe unemployment by providing government-funded, state-organized manual labor for the jobless, primarily in Paris

Workers revolt- June day uprisings 1848

originally a may revol over the results of the last election that turned to a violent worker revolt in Paris, protesting the closure of National Workshops that provided jobs to the unemployed

Louis Napoleon/ Emperor Napoleon III

a nephew of napoleon who created a rather conservative government with dictatorial powers after being elected president of the second republic

Fredrick William IV (r. 1840-1861)

prussian king that promised moderate reform but never made changes. there was a rebellion in prussia and ended with the king accepting a constitution he made (male suffrage of the lower house and freedom of press and two house legislator)

lajos Kossuth (1802-1894)

a revolutionary in Austria that demanded a constitution in Hungary

Grossdeutsch vs Kleindeutsh

Grossedeuth: people who wanted all German lands including sections of Austria and Bohemia to be under German rule

Kleindeutsch: people who felt it was more realistic to have Germany be Prussia and smaller german states

Frankfurt parliament 1848

the first freely elected parliament for all German states, including the German-populated areas of the Austrian Empire

charles Albert

the ruler of the kingdom of sardinia. he took a group of nationalists to attack Lombardy, a Austrian ruled italian state.

chartism

a movement in Britain for correcting working class issues and dissatisfaction that came to fruition in 1838 when the peoples charter was established

peoples charter of 1838

the english movement that granted universal adult male suffrage, the secret ballot, abolition of property requirements for parliament, payment to members of parliament, equal electoral districts, and annual parliaments with yearly elections. it wasn’t fully accepted

domestic system

a pre-industrial manufacturing method where merchants supplied raw materials to workers who produced goods at home

why great britain led the industrial revolution

1) political stability

2)religious tolerance

3)expanding population

4)agricultural revolution

5)manufacturing industries as a result of agricultural revolution like cottage industries

6)enclosure acts because now people needed jobs

7) increase in capitol from prosperity in farms and establishment of central bank

8) overseas trade

9) transportation from proximity to ocean and canals

10) lots of coal and iron

John Kay (1704-1764)

inventor of the flying shuttle with increased spread at which weavers could make cloth and created need for more thread

James Hargreaves and Spinning Jenny

created the spinning jenny that improved amount of Spinnable thread by 100 and where still small enough to work at home.

Richard Arkwright and water frame 1770s ish

combined spindles and rollers to make a large spinning machine and was used in what became the first factories

Steam engine

made it possible to have factories in different locations not just by moving water

James Watt (1736-1819)

studied steam pump and adapted it for use in factories and technically made the first true steam engine.

abraham Darby (1677-1717)

discovered a means of smelling iron using coal

sadler committee

great britian’s advocates for children who revealed they were beaten by factory owners that made the factory act get passed

Luddite

people who blamed modern machines for their issues and destroyed them.

cooperative societies

a voluntary, autonomous association of individuals united to meet common economic, social, or cultural needs through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise

scientific socialism 1800s

created by Karl Marx a theory claiming that socialism is an inevitable outcome of historical economic processes, rather than just a moral ideal

friedrich engels (1820-1895)

colleague of Karl Marx who worked with him to create communism and write the communist manifesto

communist league (1847-1852)

first international proletarian organization, formed in London by merging the League of the Just with committees led by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It aimed to overthrow the bourgeoisie, abolish private property, and establish a classless society that also commissioned the communist manifesto

Das kapital 1867

work by karl Marx explaining how capitalism extract profit from labor

First international 1864-1876

a political international which aimed to unite a variety of left-wing political groups and trade union organizations based on the working class and class struggle

second international 1889-1914/1924

a global organization of socialist (like engels) and labor parties formed in Paris to unite working-class movements, continuing the Marxist legacy of the First International

crimean war 1854-1856

fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. led to political instability that allowed Italy and Germany to unite because previous alliances had been broken

florence nightingale 1820-1910

founder of modern nursing as a result of casualties from disease in filthy hospitals after the Crimean war

concert of Europe

idea crushed as a result from the Crimean war that said the great powers of France Prussia Austria Russia and great britain should work together.

Pope Pius IX 1792-1878

longest serving pope. lost authority to the short lived Roman republic and upon restoring authority became very reactionary

Risorgimento