APUSH Unit 3 Period 4

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark 1803 Supreme Court decision authored by Chief Justice John Marshall that established the principle of judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 territorial acquisition from Napoleonic France that doubled the geographic size of the United States for fifteen million dollars

Hartford Convention

1814 secret assembly of New England Federalists meeting to protest the War of 1812 and propose constitutional amendments, which ultimately discredited the Federalist Party.

American System

Integrated economic program championed by Henry Clay advocating protective tariffs, a national bank, and federally sponsored internal improvements.

Missouri Compromise

1820 legislative measure that preserved the sectional balance by admitting Maine as a free state, admitting a corresponding slave state, and banning slavery north of latitude 36 degrees 30’

Monroe Doctorine

1823 foreign policy statement asserting that the Americas were closed to future European colonization and that foreign intervention in the hemisphere would be viewed as an act of aggression.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Supreme Court case affirming the constitutional power of Congress to establish a national bank under the Necessary and Proper Clause while establishing that states cannot tax federal entities.

Nullification Crisis

1832 to 1833 sectional standoff sparked by South Carolina declaring federal protective tariffs void within its borders, highlighting tensions between state sovereignty and federal authority.

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 Supreme Court ruling that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct sovereign community in which state laws had no legal force, a decision ignored by both state officials and President Andrew Jackson.

Erie Canal

Artificial waterway completed in 1825 linking the Hudson River with the Great Lakes, dramatically lowering freight transit costs and fostering commercial ties between the East and the Old Northwest.

Lowell System

Early industrial labor model in Massachusetts textile mills that hired young, unmarried farm women and housed them in strictly regulated company dormitories.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott that issued the Declaration of Sentiments and initiated the organized women's rights movement.

Second Great Awakening

Major early-nineteenth-century Protestant religious revival characterized by camp meetings, individual moral reform, and the inspiration of widespread social movements such as temperance and abolitionism.

Whig Party

Political faction formed in the 1830s in opposition to the executive authority of Andrew Jackson, emphasizing congressional primacy, economic modernization, and federal banking. Pro American System.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist publisher of The Liberator and co-founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society who demanded immediate, uncompensated emancipation.

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 Supreme Court decision affirming federal supremacy over interstate commerce, establishing that congressional authority overrides state-granted trade monopolies.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 Supreme Court decision upholding the sanctity of contracts by ruling that a state legislature cannot unilaterally alter a private corporate charter.

Fletcher v. Peck

1810 Supreme Court decision establishing judicial review over state legislation by striking down a state law that violated the Constitution's Contract Clause.

Federalists

Early national political organization led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams that advocated for a strong central government, financial modernization, and loose constitutional construction.

Democatic Republicans

Early national political coalition led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison that championed states' rights, an agrarian-based economy, and strict constitutional construction.

Democrats

Political organization founded in the 1820s around Andrew Jackson that supported the common citizen, broadened white male suffrage, and resisted centralized federal economic institutions.

Embargo Act of 1807

Federal legislation that halted all American foreign trade in an effort to enforce maritime neutrality against Britain and France, which devastated the domestic economy, particularly in New England ports.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 protective measure levying exceptionally high import duties on manufactured goods, sparking intense Southern outrage and leading directly to South Carolina's nullification ordinance.

Tariff of Abominations.

1828 protective measure levying exceptionally high import duties on manufactured goods, sparking intense Southern outrage and leading directly to South Carolina's nullification ordinance.

Force Bill

1833 statute expanding executive power by authorizing the use of the United States military to collect federal customs revenue in noncompliant states during the nullification standoff.

Specie Circular

1836 executive directive requiring that all purchases of public lands be paid exclusively in gold or silver coinage, which sharply curtailed land speculation and catalyzed the Panic of 1837.

Common Wealth v. Hunt

1842 Massachusetts judicial ruling establishing that organized labor combinations were lawful associations and that peaceful strikes did not constitute criminal conspiracies.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1831 armed uprising of enslaved individuals in Southampton County, Virginia, that resulted in the deaths of approximately sixty white residents and spurred Southern legislatures to pass far more repressive slave codes.

American Colonization Society

Organization founded in 1816 that advocated gradual, compensated emancipation accompanied by the voluntary resettlement of free African Americans to the West African settlement of Liberia.

Horace Mann

Educational reformer who led the Massachusetts Board of Education, spearheading the Common School Movement for universal, tax-supported schooling, standardized curricula, and formal teacher training.

Dorthea Dix

Nineteenth-century humanitarian crusader whose investigations into state prisons and almshouses persuaded state legislatures to build and fund dedicated public mental health asylums.

Cumberland Road

First major paved highway constructed by the federal government, stretching from western Maryland to Illinois and significantly facilitating westward migration and interstate commerce.

Charles Garrison Finney

Prominent revivalist minister who pioneered emotional camp meetings and the 'anxious bench' in western New York's 'burned-over district,' emphasizing individual free will and societal moral reform.

Thomas Jefferson

Third U.S. President (Democratic-Republican, 1801–1809) who championed an agrarian society, limited central government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution, though he expanded federal power with the Louisiana Purchase.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson’s first vice president who killed Alexander Hamilton in an 1804 duel and later engaged in a treasonous conspiracy to separate the Western U.S. states from the Union.

Lewis and Clark

Explorers commissioned by Jefferson in 1804 to map the Louisiana Territory, establish scientific records, and strengthen U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory.

Strict Interpretation

Federal Government can only exersise powers explicitly granted by the Constitution

John Marshall

Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801–1835) whose landmark rulings consistently strengthened the power of the federal government over states and protected property rights.

Implied Powers

Federal Govenment can exersizes powers not explicitly stated in the Constitition if deemed necessary and proper.

Neutrality

The foundational U.S. foreign policy goal of remaining uninvolved in European conflicts, which was severely tested by Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars.

Impressment

The British practice of boarding American ships and forcing American sailors into the service of the British Royal Navy, a primary cause of the War of 1812.

Revolution of 1800

The first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another.

Common Man

The regular American civilian, liked by Jackson and Jefforson

Civilization Policy

Native Americans can assimilate, “Americanizes” Natives. Must assimilate or leave.

Chesapeake-Leapord Affair

British Warship HMS Leapord attacked American Frigate USS Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.

Treaty of Ghent

Solidified border between Canada and the US. Officially Ended the War of 1812.

War Hawks

Young Democratic-Republicans politicians elected to congress in 1810 who aggressively pushed for war against Great Britain. Prominent leaders were Henry Clay (Kentuckey) and John C. Calhoun (S. Carolina)

Tecumseh

Shawnee War Chief who worked to unite Native tribes into a massive confederacy to stop white American expansion.

Battle of Ft. McHenry

Defended Baltimore for 27 hours from British Naval forces, was successful.

Battle of New Orleans

Final major engagement if the War of 1812 and was a decisive US victory.

Burning of Washington DC

British captured DC and durned public buildings, the only time foriegn power held the capital.

Industrial Revolution

Moved from Agrarian to Machine and Factory driven economy. New enegy sources: Coal, Steam, Electricity, and Patroleum internal combustion.

Mechanization

Powered Machinery

Eli Whitney

Invented Cotton Gin and Interchangeable parts. Increased cotton production and desire for assembly lines.

Sectionalism

North and South began diverging economically.

Lowell Girls

Girls from New England left their rural farms to go work in factories in Industrial Hubs. There were also mass migrations of other groups to urban areas from rural ones.

Womens Rights

Harsh Working Conditions caused women to join together and fight for better conditiond. Formed Unions. Led to women gaining wage earning power, public presence, and collective agency.

Prison Reform

Shifted punishment from public executions and physical tortures to centralized state-run penetenturies focused on discipline, hard labror, and moral rehabilitation. It addressed severe systematic issues, mass incarceration, overcrowded facilities, and high recidivism rates.

Asylum and Mental Health Reform

Shifted from family and community care to state run asylums. Caused by structural response to the massive social and economical disruptions. Created deep, lasting challenges that persist today.

Temperance Movement

Early Prohibition, promoted abstinance from alcohol, led to national prohibition and constitutional change.

Utopian Communities

Experimental communities created as a direct reaction against the harsh working conditions, urban crowding, and inequality of rapid industrialization.

Public Education

State backed systems designed to teach basic literacy, numeracy, and rapid industrialization. Led to long term economic mobility, cognitive development, and civic participation.

Era of Good Feelings

Period in United States history from 1815 to 1825 characterized by a strong sense of national unity, a post-War of 1812 boom in nationalism, and the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party after the collapse of the Federalist Party.

American System

Three-part economic plan introduced in the early 19th century. Championed primarily by Henry Clay of Kentucky alongside the Whig Party, its goal was to unify the United States economy and make the country self-sufficient and independent of European powers.

Onis Treaty of 1819

US got Florida

Monroe Doctorine

Forbid any further European Colonization of the New World.

Spoils System

Gave common man government positions. But there was rotation in office meaning government jobs were temporary.

Age of Jackson

1828-1840ish. Increased Democracy, higher voter turnout, universal male suffarage, Strict Construction.

Indian Removal Act 1830

Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Hoctaw, 5 civilized tribes were forced west to Oklahoma. Due to racism and gold in Georgia.

Trail of Tears

The journey for Natives from their homes to Oklahoma. Many died, children and elders usually.

Worchester v. Georgia

Ruled Cherokee land belonged to Cherokee. Done by John Ross, Cherokee Chief. Cherokee were forced to leave anyway.

Panic of 1819

Economic Crash.

The Specie Circular

You must pay for land with gold and silver. Led to Panic of 1837. Blamed on Van Buren

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Violent slave revolt, 60 white were killed, 100-200 Black were killed, 55+ captured 18 executed including Turner. Led to southern backlash and they blamed the north.

Cradle to the Grave Care

Paternalisic justification for slavery.