Psychopathology: semester 4: exam 3

what is a personality disorder?

Persistent, pervasive pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior resulting in enduring emotional distress

what is the overview and clinical presentation of paranoid personality disorder?

Pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion of others. May interpret neutral or positive comments or gestures as manipulative or malevolent. Occurs with strangers as well as close friends and family. Few meaningful relationships, sensitive to criticism. Often there is conflict in relationships

what is the overview and clinical features of schizoid personality disorder?

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships. Very limited range of emotional expression in interpersonal situations. May not desire relationships, appear indifferent, have a lack of close friendships, appear solitary

what is the overview and clinical features of schizotypal personality disorder?

Behavior and beliefs are odd and unusual. Socially isolated and highly suspicious. Magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions. Many meet criteria for major depression. May be a milder form of schizophrenia. acute discomfort with reduced capacity for close relationships. cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior

what is the overview and clinical features for avoidant personality disorder?

Extreme sensitivity to the opinions of others. Hypersensitive to negative evaluation. Highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships. Interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection and criticism. Low self-esteem

what is dependent personality disorder?

Pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of. Reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions. Unreasonable fear of abandonment. Clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships

what is obsessive compulsive personality disorder?

Excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the “right way”. Highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow. Unwilling to delegate tasks because others will do them wrong. Difficulty with spontaneity. Often have interpersonal problems. Obsessions and compulsions are rare

what is antisocial personality disorder?

Failure to comply with social norms. Violation of the rights of others. Irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful. Lack of a conscience, empathy, and remorse. May be very charming, interpersonally manipulative. “Sociopathy” and “psychopathy” typically refer to very similar traits. Estimated 1% to 4% of adults in the U.S.. Since the age of 15

what is histrionic personality disorder?

Overly dramatic and sensational. May be sexually provocative. Often impulsive and need to be the center of attention. Thinking and emotions are perceived as shallow. More commonly diagnosed in women

what is narcissistic personality disorder?

Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance. Preoccupation with receiving attention. Lack sensitivity and compassion for other people. Highly sensitive to criticism; envious and arrogant. need for admiration and lack of empathy

what is borderline personality disorder?

Unstable moods and relationships. Impulsivity, fear of abandonment, very poor self-image. Self-harm and suicidal gestures – nearly 10% die by suicide. Comorbidity rates are high with mood, substance use, and eating disorders. 20-25% of psychiatric admissions have BPD

which personality disorder is most likely to seek treatment?

Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

what is the treatment for BPD?

antidepressants and dialectal behavioral therapy

what is dialectal behavioral therapy?

Dual reality (dialectic) of acceptance of difficulties and need for change. Interpersonal effectiveness. Distress tolerance to decrease reckless/self-harming behavior. Effective for reducing suicide attempts, dropouts from treatment, and hospitalizations

what similarities does cluster A personality disorders have?

odd thinking and eccentric behavior

what similarities does cluster b have?

dramatic and erratic

what similarities does cluster c have?

fear and anxiety

what is the clinical presentation of gender dysphoria?

Marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, of at least 6 months’ duration

what are the problems with gender dysphoria as a diagnosis?

The diagnosis functions primarily as a gatekeeping mechanism for clinical interventions, legal recognition, and health insurance coverage. Undermines the DSM’s goal of de-pathologizing gender diversity

what is the minority stress model?

to explain their comparatively higher prevalence of psychopathology. they face unique and hostile stressors, which negatively affects their health. Stigma, prejudice, and discrimination create stressful environments that damage mental health

what are distal stressors?

external

what are proximal stressors?

internal

what is the clinical presentation of sexual dysfunction?

Involve issues with desire, arousal, and/or orgasm (sexual response stages). Pain associated with sex can lead to additional dysfunction. must be present for at least 6 months.

what are sexual desire disorders?

Account for about half of all patients at sexuality clinics. For men prevalence increases with age; for women it’s the opposite. Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder and Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

what is Female sexual interest/arousal disorder?

Reduced sexual interest, reduced sexual activity, fewer sexual thoughts, reduced arousal to sexual cues, reduced pleasure or sensations during almost all sexual encounters

what is Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder?

Little or no interest in any type of sexual activity, including masturbation and fantasies

what are the different sexual arousal disorders?

Erectile disorder and Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

what is erectile disorder?

Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection. Sexual desire is usually intact. Most common problem for which men seek treatment. Prevalence increases with age

what is Female sexual interest/arousal disorder?

Reduced sexual interest, reduced sexual activity, fewer sexual thoughts, reduced arousal to sexual cues, reduced pleasure or sensations during almost all sexual encounters. Prevalence estimated to be 7-14% of women

what is somatic symptom disorder?

Extreme and long-lasting focus on multiple physical symptoms for which no medical cause is evident. Excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to physical symptoms. Substantial impairment in social or occupational functioning. Present for at least 6mo

what is illness anxiety disorder?

Severe anxiety about the possibility of having or acquiring a serious disease without any evident physical cause. Formerly known as hypochondriasis. Actual symptoms are either very mild or absent, Excessive health-related behaviors or avoidance. Medical reassurance does not seem to help. Present for at least 6mo

what is Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)?

altered motor or sensory function that is inconsistent with neurological or other medical conditions

what is Factitious Disorder?

deception & falsification, even in the absence of obvious external rewards

what is delirium?

Rapid-onset, reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition. Confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language. Caused by an underlying medical condition. Develops rapidly over several hours or days. Appear confused, disoriented, and inattentive. Marked memory and language deficits. A disturbance in attention accompanied by reduced awareness of the environment. develops over a short period of time

what is major neurocognitive disorder?

previously known as dementia. Gradual deterioration of brain functioning. Affects memory, judgment, language, and other advanced cognitive processes. Impaired ability to function independently. significant cognitive decline and can interfere with independence

what is mild neurocognitive disorder?

Modest impairment in cognitive abilities. Able to function independently. Can be overcome with accommodations (e.g., extensive lists or elaborate schedules). modest cognitive decline and does not interfere with everyday activities.

what are some risk factors for major neurocognitive disorders?

age is the biggest one.

what is the assessment for neurocognitive disorders?

documented by standardized neuropsychological testing or, in its absence, another quantified clinical assessment

what is Alzheimer’s disease?

develops gradually and steadily; fatal. Memory, orientation, judgment, and reasoning deficits. Most common cause of dementia. Agitation, confusion, or combativeness. Depression and/or anxiety. Aphasia, apraxia, agnosia

what are the Brain features of someone with Alzheimer’s disease?

Neurofibrillary tangles and Amyloid plaques. Brains of people with Alzheimer’s tend to atrophy (decrease in size)

what are Neurofibrillary tangles?

Stand-like filaments

what are Amyloid plaques?

Gummy deposits between neurons

what are the treatments for Alzheimer’s disease?

medical treatment to enhance cognitive ability, cognitive stimulation to delay the onset of severe symptoms, and providing caregivers

what is Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms. Associated with behavioral, cognitive, social, and academic impairments.

what are the 3 subtypes for ADHD?

Predominantly inattentive presentation, Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation, Combined presentation

what is the criteria for predominantly inattentive ADHD?

At least 6 of the following symptoms (5 for 17+) have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities. Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, at work, or during other activities. Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities. Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace. Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities. Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort. Often loses things necessary for tasks or activities. Is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli. Is often forgetful in daily activities

what is the criteria for predominantly hyperactive/impulsive ADHD?

At least 6 of the following symptoms (5 for 17+) have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities: Often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat. Often leaves seat in situations when remaining seated is expected. Often runs about or climbs in situations where it is inappropriate. Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly. Is often "on the go," acting as if "driven by a motor". Often talks excessively. Often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed. Often has difficulty waiting his or her turn. Often interrupts or intrudes on others

What is the neurobiology is ADHD?

dopamine neurotransmitter, smaller brain volume, abnormal frontal lobe development and functioning