4- Motivation

What is motivation? ( Steers & Porter)

Motivation is that which direct, energises and sustains behaviour. ( Steers & Porter)

what 3 factors leads to behaviour at work (Muchinsky)

- Ability

- Opportunity

- Motivation

what is instrinstic motivation ?

The doing of an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence ( Ryan & Deci )

What is extrinsic motivation?

A construct that pertains whenever an activity is done in order to attain some separable outcome. ( Ryan & Deci )

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

1. Physiological needs

2. Safety and Security needs

3. Love and Belonging Needs

4. Self esteem

5. self actualization

Key assumption of Maslow?

Lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs motivate behaviour.

Critical Evaulation of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

- Weak empirical support

- Cultural bias (not everyone have the same needs)

- Model is too simplistic(motivation is more complex than 5 categories)

what are the motivational needs (mcClelland, 1961)

Achievement- derive satisfaction from mastering tasks in achievement-related situations

Affiliation- motivated by social contact and working with other peopl

Power- strive for status & holding positions of power in groups or in society

What does McClelland's motivational Needs explain

It explains how the need for achievement, power, and affiliation affect the actions of people

empirical evidence Mcclelland needs

high nAchievement leads to entreprenual success

high nPower leads to effective leadership

high affliation leads to strong teamwork but weaker leadership in high- pressure roles

who came up with the goal setting theory

Locke & Latham, 1990

what must goals be

Goals must be specific and difficult for high performance

what are the moderators in goal setting theory ?

- self-efficacy

- task complexity (negative moderator).

- feedback

What are the mediators in goal setting

- efforts

- persitence

- attention

- strategy

Strengths of goal setting

- Strong empirical support

- Practical and easy to implement

Weakness of goal setting

- Not ideal for complex task as there will be no flexibility

- But can cause stress or unethical behaviour

what is job design ?

The process of assigning tasks to a job including the interdependency of those tasks with the jobs. (Bratton)

what is job redesign ?

Collective name given to techniques designed to increase one or more of the variety, autonmy and completeness of a person's work tasks. ( Arnold )

What is Taylorism (Scientific Management)?

A systematic method of determining the best way to do a job and specifying the skills needed to perform it. ( Taylor )

what does taylorism aim to achieve

- Efficiency

- Standardization

- Discipline

Critical Evaluation of Taylorism

- Dehumanising- Workers become "cogs in a machine" as task become repetitive

- Not suitable for creative or complex jobs

- Taylorism and simplification lead to low job satisfaction and poor (mental) health, strikes, turnover, absenteeism - (because of boring and repetitive nature of work)

what is theory of purposeful work behaviour (TPWB) ? (Barrick)

Individual differences in motivation are linked to people's preferences for goals and job characteristics. ( Barrick)

Advantages of theory of purposeful work behaviour ?

- Integrates many aspects like personality, motivation and job design to one model

- Useful to create fit between people and work characterics.

- Strong empirical support

Disadvantages of theory of purposeful work behaviour ?

- more complex and harder for managers to apply

- Still relatively new so its not a long-term studies

What is the job characteristics model?

A theory that argues that five core characteristics combine to result in high levels of satisfaction with the work itself.

What are the five core job characteristics?

skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback

What are the three psychological states

- meaningfulness

- responsibility

- knowledge of results

What job characteristics contributes dierectly to the psychological state of 'experienced meaningfulness'

- Task Identity

- Task significance

- Skills Variety

What job characteristics contributes directly to the psychological state of ' Exprienced responsibilty'

Autonomy

What job characteristics contributes directly to the psychological state of ' Knowledge of results'

Feedback

Disadvantages of job characteristic model ?

- Hard to apply to highly standardised environments

- Cultural differences

what is equity theory ? (Adams)

People will be motivated at work when they perceive that they are being treated fairly. ( Adams )

Weakness of equity theory ?

- when people are overcompensated, the theory does not explain behaviour

- people differ in sensitivity to fairness

what is justice theories ? (Colquitt et al)

people are motivated by fairness. (Colquitt et al)

What are the three type of justice ?

Distributive justice - Fairness of outcomes (pay, promotions, rewards)

Procedural justice- Fairness of allocation of rewards

Interactional justice- Fairness of interpersonal treatment.

Disadvantages of justice theory ?

- Fairness perceptions are subjective

- Cultural differences influence fairness expectations