lecture 3 psyc2000

why does conditioning occure, list the 2 models

Associative Models  Propositional Models

what is the associative model

Associative models propose that during conditioning the organism forms an automatic association between two events when they are presented together. events close in time form an association

what is an association

an excitatory or inhibitory link between two representations

what is an excitory

Activation of one representation (e.g., stimulus A) leads to the activation of another representation (e.g., stimulus B)

what is an inhibitory

Activation of one representation (e.g., stimulus A) leads to the suppression of another representation (e.g., stimulus B)

what is the learning if s-r

The association was made directly with the original UR  Changing the value of the US should not change the response elicited by the CS

what is the learning if s-s

The association was made between the CS and the US  Changing the value of the US should change the CR

what is the propositional model

propositional models propose that conditioning results from the formation of propositions regarding the events in the conditioning experiment. A proposition is a mental representation that contains information about how events are related

difference between associative and propositional model

While an association is just an inhibitory or excitatory link, propositions can encode the relationship between events

what is dual processing theory

propose that learning can involve both associations and propositions

what is stimulis generalisation

Production of a CR to stimuli that are perceptually similar to the CS  Generalisation to stimuli that look, sound, or smell similar

what is sematic generalisation

Production of a CR to stimuli that are similar in meaning to the CS  Generalisation to stimuli that share meaning or are from the same category

what is discrimination

The tendency for a response to be elicited more by one stimulus than another

what is higher order conditioning

Classical conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been paired with something that naturally elicits a response Higher order conditioning is the process where an already conditioned CS can be used in place of the US to condition a new stimulus

what is sensory preconditioning

Sensory preconditioning is the process where a stimulus that is pre-associated with a CS can also elicit the conditional response

what is acquisition

Acquisition is the process of developing and strengthening a conditional response via repeated pairings between a conditional stimulus and an unconditional stimulus

what is extinction

Extinction is the process whereby a conditional response is weakened because the conditional stimulus is presented without the unconditional stimulus

what is bourtons theory of relapse

Extinction does not erase the original acquisition learning but instead creates a new CS-noUS association that suppresses the original CS-US association. The conditional response can then easily return if the extinction learning weakens, or the acquisition learning is triggered.

what is reinstatement

the return of the extinguished conditional response after encountering the US again alone

what is renewal

the return of the extinguished conditional response after encountering the CS in a different context to extinction

what is spontanous recovery

the return of the extinguished conditional response after encountering the CS after a delay

what is rapid re-aquisition

the rapid return of the extinguished conditional response when the conditional stimulus and unconditional stimulus are paired together again

what is aba renewal

occurs when the extinguished CR returns when the conditional stimulus is encountered in the acquisition context again (Context A) after going through extinction in a different context (Context B)

what is ABC renewal

occurs when the extinguished CR returns when the conditional stimulus is encountered in a new context (Context C) after going through extinction in Context B and acquisition in Context A

anxiety vs fear

Fear is a response to imminent danger, Anxiety is the anticipation of a threat sometime in the future

what are the 3 pathways of fear

Direct Conditioning, Experience a CS paired with a US → Vicarious Conditioning, Seeing someone else experience a CS paired with a US → Instructional Conditioning, Being told a CS will be paired with a US

what is belongingess

how well a CS and a US go together based on what we know about the world

how does avoidance maintain fear

Avoidance behaviour maintains fear by stopping extinction from occurring

what is exposure therapy

Exposure therapy involves repeatedly encountering the feared object so that the individual can learn that it can be encountered safely most of the time

what is positive valence therapy

Targeting the valence of the CS during extinction to make it more pleasant

what is novelty facilitated extinction

Presenting a novel surprising stimulus with the CS during extinction