ap world u 5 and u 6 test

What was distinct about the Haitian Revolution, both in world history generally and in the history of Atlantic revolutions? (A16)

* Haiti was the wealthiest colony in the world at the time (1971)
* Influenced by the French Revolutions
* Toussant Louverture -> former slave, ended Napoleon's attempt to regain French control
* Jean Jaques Dessame -> Haiti's 1st head of state

How were the Spanish American Revolutions shaped by the American, French, and Haitian revolutions that happened earlier? (A16)

* Colonies in South America revolted after the French and Haitian revolutions
* Believed they would also gain personal freedom
* The natives became more knowledgeable regarding human rights and the divisions of social class
* creoles -> popular sovereignty
* were divided by social/economic classes
* Miguel Hildago & Joseph Morelos -> started the Mexican war for independence
* Tupac Amaru -> last incan emperor
* Simon Bolivar -> military leader who sponsored the Creoles movement for independence

What accounts for the end of Atlantic slavery during the 19th century? (A17)

* Enlightenment thinkers
* American and French revolutions
* Quakers & protestants
* Social and societal norms were changing
* No longer believed that slavery was necessary for economic progression
* slave revolts and increase of people of other ethnicities rising to lead groups of people

How did the end of slavery affect the lives of former slaves? (A17)

* people claimed new land that had previously never had an economic system or any inhabitants at all
* independent labor
* while white people still relatively maintained authority, other ethnicities gained significant power and influence in new cities/towns
* incarceration of illegal slave traders

What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful and personal identity in the 19th century? (A17)

* atlantic revolutions declared that sovereignty rested with the people
* states were inhabited by people who felt themselves to be citizens of a nation+deeply bound to their fellows by ties of blood/culture/common experience
* science weakened the hold of religion on some- Migration diminished allegiance to local communities
* printing+publishing industry allowed for more people to educate themselves on different languages and political topics
* governments began acting on behalf of the people of their countries/ nations

What were the achievements and limitations of 19th century feminism? (A17)

Achievements:

* some women were admitted to universities, a vast increase in literacy
* medicine+teaching opened to women, women got work in nursing+social work
* in some states, women could control/own their property+wages
* discussions of the role of women in society began
Limitations:
* bitter opposition (that education+life strains would create reproductive damage, depopulating the world) and +that feminists are selfish
* states limited political participation for women (political parties/meetings)
* failed to get the right to vote in the 19th century (except in New Zealand)

What was the initial reason that people in Britain started mining coal? (A18)

* the industrial revolution
* depleted the trees in Great Britain, so they needed something else to use as fuel
* Thomas Newcomer -> invented the steam-powered engine, which was improved by James Watt

How did the fact that wet conditions made British coal hard to get to turn into an advantage for Britain? (A18)

* encouraged innovation
* steam powered engine
* revolutionized travel
* reason for the 1st Worlds fair

Why did the Industrial Revolution spread out of Britain? (A18)

* because there was innovation in travel, people were able to spread ideas and inventions more quickly/efficiently
* foreigners smuggled machinery out of Britain
spread of manufacturing & invention
* more people had access to materials and ideas

Why didn't the Industrial Revolution first occur in China? (A18)

* China only had dry coal
* dry coal is deeper in the ground, meaning its harder to access
* they preferred human labor over trusting machinery
* Confucian ideas at the time discouraged change, invention, and experimentation
* they were more focused on defending themselves

What was distinctive about European colonial empires of the nineteenth century? (A19)

* racism and disrespect of other ethnicities and cultures
* African labor in mines
* colonial states were able to influence ad change the societies they governed
* "homelands", educational systems, residential areas, & public facilities
* tax collection
* counted and classified their "people"

How did the policies of colonial states change the economic lives of their subjects? (A19)

* everyone was kept track of and accounted for
* "traditional India"
* Europeans invented new tribes in Africa, wanted to keep their idea of a "Tribal Africa"
* "active masculinity"
* "upholding the internal dignity of the white community"

How did cash-crop agriculture transform the lives of colonized peoples? (A19)

* Asians/African people produced willingly for an international market
* Offered items like peanut/palm oil
* Colonial rule created conditions that facilitated and increased cash crop production
* British authorities in Burma acted to encourage rice production among small farmers
* Pop. of Irrawaddy Delta boomed
* Had environmental consequences
* Destruction of mangrove forests along w

What kinds of wage labor were available in the colonies? Why might people take part in it? How did doing so change their lives? (A19)

* working on plantations -> conditions and pay were very poor
* more opportunities for stable work
* mines -> especially appealed to Asian men
* the extremely poor work and health conditions caused very high death rates

How were the lives of African women altered by colonial economies? (A19)

* Offered different combinations of opportunities and hardships for women than it did for men
* Pre-colonial African women were almost always farmers
* Demands of the colonial economy grew, and women's lives diverged from those of men
* In colonies where cash crop agriculture was dominant, men often withdrew from substance production in favor of more lucrative export crops
* As men sought employment, their wives were left to manage the domestic economy almost alone
* Women had to supply food in the cities to compensate for low wages

Did colonial rule bring "economic progress" in its wake? (A19)

* Defenders praise colonialism for jumpstarting modern economic growth
* Colonial rule served for better or for worse further integration into Asian/African economies in a global network
* Many colonized groups benefited from their new access to global markets
* Nowhere in the colonial world did any modern industrial societies occur
* When India became independent after 2 centuries of colonial rule it was still one of the poorest of the world's developing

What is the historical context of the Japanese Empire (what historical events help explain it)? (A20)

* Okinawa -> Ryuku Kingdom
* the empire itself was created as an imperial system
* influence from Europe -> westernization
* Taiwan
* treaty of Shimonoseki
* Sino-Japanese war
* control of Korea and Southern Manchuria
* territorial conquest

What places did Japan take as colonies and when did they take them? (A20)

* Okinawa, a series of islands used for trade, in 1879
* Taiwan in 1895, was placed under the administration of the Fujian province

How did Japanese rule change governance? What were the economic effects? What were the cultural effects? (A20)

Governance;

* an office of a governor-general in Taiwan
* imperial system

Economic:

* "Okinawa Prefecture Land Reorganization Law"
* private land ownership
* triangular trade
* advances in agricultural production

Cultural:

* Okinawans were viewed as Japanese by some, but others viewed them as non-japanese
* modernization of Taiwan
* new schools established that taught very person traditional Japanese dialects

What accounts for the massive peasant rebellions of the 19th century in China? (A21)

* Robust economy
* American food crops caused substantial population growth
* Unlike Europe no industrial rev. to accommodate growth
* Agricultural production and revenues didn't generate
* Centralized Bureaucracy could not keep up with growing pop. and could not perform basic functions
* Taiping Uprising

What strategies did China adopt to confront its various problems? In what ways did these strategies reflect China's own history and culture as well as the new global order? (A21)

* Self-Strengthening -> program for modernization of China
* tried to create a unified nation
* the force of Chinese nationalism against western imperialists
* Boxer uprising -> self-strengthening failed because of the
movement of an anti-foreign movement
* killed Europeans & fought to defend their independence
* Hundred Days of Reform -> progressive imperial edicts in 1898, cause of reform

What negative things in Italy pushed Italians to leave (push factors to migration)? (A22)

* they had just gained their independence, but were unstable
* not many work opportunities
* food and land were expensive

What positive things in Argentina pulled Italians to come there (pull factors to migration)? (A22)

* land and meat were cheaper
* easier for large populations
* many of Argentina's largest cities were deserted and needed inhabitants
* sent advertisers to Europe in order to convince people to move to Argentina
* Stories of gold and jewels in the sand

What does the term golondrina mean and why were Italian migrants called that? (A22)

* Golondrina means Swallow
* Migrants were called this because like Swallows they migrated with the seasons
* weather in Italy was very similar to the weather in Argentina, making it more appealing to travel there

What were some of the EFFECTS of the migration? (A22)

* the influx of Italians in the capital city of Argentina, Buenos Aires
* Foreign investments multiplied
* Exports doubled
* Villages in The Veneto became deserted
* eventually led to an economic crash in the 1890s
* "La Semana Tragíca" -> a failed strike by an Italian factory worker, ended in hundred of Italians dead

Why did some Argentines of Italian descent return to Italy, and what were the effects of that return migration? (A22)

* They returned because of work and a better future
* Effects were a drastic increase in unemployment and most Argentines fell into poverty
* Returned to reclaim Italian passports that they had previously left behind
* mixed race immigrants