TEAS exam : chemistry
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126 Terms
Where are protons and neutrons located?
In the nucleus.
Where are electrons located?
In the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.
What are energy levels (shells)?
Areas around the nucleus where electrons are found.
What determines an element’s identity?
The number of protons.
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons in an atom.
What is atomic mass?
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
How many protons does carbon have?
6 protons.
What is an ion?
An atom with a positive or negative charge caused by gaining or losing electrons.
What happens when an atom loses electrons?
It becomes positively charged.
What happens when an atom gains electrons?
It becomes negatively charged.
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion.
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion.
Why is sodium (Na⁺) positively charged?
t lost one electron.
How are elements arranged on the periodic table?
By increasing atomic number.
What are groups on the periodic table?
Vertical columns of elements with similar properties.
What are periods on the periodic table?
Horizontal rows of elements.
What do elements in the same group have in common?
The same number of valence electrons.
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
Why are valence electrons important?
They determine how atoms bond and react chemically.
Which orbitals are found in Period 1?
s orbital only.
Which orbitals are found in Period 2?
s and p orbitals.
Which orbitals are found in Period 4?
s, p, d, and f orbitals.
Which elements are called inert gases?
Noble gases.
Why are noble gases stable?
Their valence shells are full.
Why do atoms form bonds?
To achieve stable, full valence shells.
What is an ionic bond?
A bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
What happens in an ionic bond?
One atom loses electrons while another gains them.
What type of elements usually form ionic bonds?
Metals and nonmetals
What compound is formed between sodium and chlorine?
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond where atoms share electrons.
What type of elements usually form covalent bonds?
Nonmetals.
How many shared electron pairs are in O₂?
Two shared pairs (double bond).
What is a compound?
A substance made of two or more elements chemically bonded together.
What is a metal?
An element that conducts heat/electricity well and tends to lose electrons.
What is a nonmetal?
An element that does not have metallic properties.
What is the periodic table?
A chart organizing elements by atomic number and properties.
What are physical properties?
Characteristics of matter that can be observed without changing the substance’s identity.
What is mass?
The amount of matter in an object.
What is volume?
The amount of space an object occupies.
What is density?
The ratio of mass to volume.
What is the formula for density?
Density = mass ÷ volume.
Are density, boiling point, and melting point intensive or extensive properties?
Intensive properties.
What are extensive physical properties?
Properties that depend on the amount of matter present.
Give examples of extensive properties.
Mass and volume.
What are intensive physical properties?
Properties that do not depend on the amount of matter present.
Give examples of intensive properties.
Density, boiling point, and melting point.
Why does ice float on water?
Ice is less dense than liquid water.
How can density help identify an unknown substance?
Every substance has a characteristic density.
Why do solids keep their shape?
Their molecules are tightly packed and vibrate in place.
What causes changes between states of matter?
Adding or removing heat energy.
What is sublimation?
Changing directly from a solid to a gas.
ex Dry ice turning into carbon dioxide gas.
What is deposition?
Changing directly from a gas to a solid ex.Frost forming from water vapor.
What is plasma?
A high-energy state of matter made of charged particles.
Why are valence electrons important?
They determine how atoms react chemically and bond with other atoms.
How many valence electrons do Group IA elements have?
One valence electron. ex NA and K
What do metals usually do during chemical reactions?
Lose electrons and form positive ions (cations).
What do Group VIIA elements usually do in reactions?
Gain one electron and form negative ions (anions).
Name three Group VIIA elements.
Fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and bromine (Br).
What is an ionic bond?
A bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
What type of elements usually form ionic bonds?
A metal and a nonmetal.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond formed when atoms share electrons.
What type of elements usually form covalent bonds?
Two nonmetals.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally.
What is a mole?
A unit equal to 6.022 × 10²³ particles of a substance.
What is molar mass?
The mass of one mole of a substance.
What is electronegativity?
An atom’s ability to attract electrons.
What is ionization energy?
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
What factors can influence reaction rates?
Temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts.
How does increasing temperature affect reaction rate?
It increases the reaction rate because particles collide more often.
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs heat.
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that releases heat.
In an endothermic reaction, where is heat written in the equation?
On the reactant side.
In an exothermic reaction, where is heat written in the equation?
On the product side.
What happens if product concentration increases?
The reaction may slow or shift backward.
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.
How do catalysts increase reaction speed?
By lowering activation energy.
What are biological catalysts called?
Enzymes.
What does the enzyme amylase do?
Helps digest starches.
What happens to reactant and product concentrations at equilibrium?
They no longer change.
How does increasing temperature affect equilibrium?
It shifts toward the endothermic direction.
Why is oxygen binding to hemoglobin considered an equilibrium reaction?
Oxygen can both bind to and be released from hemoglobin depending on conditions.
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances evenly distributed on a microscopic scale.
What is a solvent?
The substance in which a solute dissolves.
What is a solute?
The substance dissolved in a solvent.
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
It has a partially negative oxygen side and partially positive hydrogen sides.
What allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds?
Water’s polarity.
What is cohesion?
The attraction between similar molecules.
How does cohesion create surface tension?
Water molecules form a tight-knit layer at the surface.
What is adhesion?
The attraction between different substances or surfaces.
Why does water have high specific heat?
Breaking hydrogen bonds requires a lot of energy.
What determines the solubility of a substance?
Intermolecular interactions.
What is a saturated solution?
A solution containing the maximum amount of dissolved solute.
What is an unsaturated solution?
A solution that can still dissolve more solute.
What is concentration?
The amount of solute in a given quantity of solution.
What is molarity?
Moles of solute per liter of solution.
M = (moles of solute / liters of solution)
What is mole fraction?
Moles of solute divided by total moles present.
What is molality?
Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
What is mass percentage?
Mass of solute divided by mass of solution × 100.