AP Psych Part 3 Unit 4

projective tests

Ambiguous stimuli are shown to reveal your unconscious.

inventory type tests

standard series of questions

Rorschach Inkblot Test

10 inkblots are presented and asked to be characterized

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

humanistic

Emphasize the uniqueness and richness of being human

• subjective reality and mental events

• holistic

self actualization

becoming the person you are capable of being in a creative way

self concept

mental representation of who we feel we truly are

incongruence

Discrepancies between our self-concept and our actual thoughts and behavior

conditions of worth

other people's ecaluations of our worth

Carl Rogers

believed that the self constitutes the most important aspect of personality

unconditional positive regard

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

social-cognitive theories

based on the assumption that cognitive constructs are the basics for personality

self efficacy

a person's beliefs about their abilities in a given situation

Big 5

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

openness

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

conscientiousness

the care a person gives to organization and the thoughtfulness of others; dependability

extraversion

energized by other people

agreeableness

interested in/care about others

neuroticism

anxious, stressed, or emotionally

nomothetic

Concepts or rules that can be applied universally.

idiographic

unique characteristics

Gordon allport

trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary

cardinal

traits that override a person's whole being

central traits

the primary characterisitics

secondary traits

interests

Raymond Cattell

saw traits differently, because he believed that sixteen source traits were the basis of personality

source trait

Basics of personality

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

fight or flight response

an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

prefrontal cortex

critical for emotional experience, temperament, and decision making (calming down

flashback

similar circumstances to a traumatic event can lead to recall of the memory of the experience

Braoden-and-build theory of emotions

suggests that more positive experiences a person has, it broadens their experiences of positive eotions and encourages more, negative emotions does the opposite

facial feedback hypothesis

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

display rules

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

universal emotions

anger, fear, disgust, surprise, happiness, sadness

two factor theory

• Schachter and Singer

• stimulus leads to physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal which leads to emotion

• emotion is dependent on the label we apply

Cannon Bard theory

physiological response to an emotion and the experience happen at the same time

James Lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

androgens

male sex hormones

estrogen

female sex hormones

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

bulimia nervosa

characterized by binging food and then engaging vomiting

body dismorphia

distorted body image

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Lipostatic hypothesis (Kennedy 1953)

fat is the measured and controlled substance that controls hunger

glucostatic hypothesis

blood glucose is what is used to control hunger

leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.

ventromedial hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating.

Lateral hypothalamus

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

sensation seeking theory

describes people who are consistently and impulsively looking for thrills and excitement

mutiple approach avoidance

many options, all have + and - aspects

approach avoidance

a choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects

approach approach

Choosing between two desirable options.

Kurt Lewin

motivational conflicts classification

cognitive dissonance

reduce tension produced by conflicting thoughts or choice

need for affiliation

desire to associate with others, to be part of a group, to form close and intimate relationships

achievement motivation

the need to reach realistic goals that we set ourselves

self efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed in tasks.

overjustification effect

extrinsic reward leads to a reduction in a person's intrinsic motivation

intrinsic factors

internal motivation

external factors

external encouragers

instinct theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.

drive-reduction theory

motivation posits that psychological needs put stress on the body and that we are motivated to reduce this stress

opponent process theory

theory of motivation that is clearly relevant to the concept of addiction (motivational baseline, things cause peaks, people look for them again)

arousal theory

main reason people are motivated to perform any actiona is to maintain an ideal level of arousal

Yerkes Dodson law

that tasks of moderate diffculty elicit the highest level of performance

secondary drive

learned drive (wealth or success)

primary drives

biological drive

evolutionary theoyr

animals are motivated by food, water, and shelter