A&P

What is an example of an organ?

Calcaneus.

What type of feedback are increasingly forceful labor contractions during childbirth an example of?

Positive feedback.

How would a metacarpal bone be classified?

As a long bone.

What covers the outside of a long bone?

The periosteum.

What is the function of the skeleton on a cellular (microscopic) level?

Storage of calcium and phosphate ions.

What are the spaces found between the concentric lamellae called, and what do they contain?

Lacunae, containing osteocytes.

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

They have different arrangements of bone tissue.

What provides hardness to bone and what provides flexibility?

Minerals provide hardness; collagen provides flexibility.

What structures are found in spongy bone?

Spicules and trabeculae.

What leads to more blood flow to an organ?

Vasodilation in the artery leading to that organ.

What is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream called?

Resorption.

What does Wolff's law of bone explain?

The effect of mechanical stress on bone remodeling.

Which cell type has several nuclei and a ruffled border?

Osteoclast.

Which hormone increases the number of osteoclasts and is essential for calcium absorption from food?

Calcitriol (Vitamin D).

What kind of membrane lines entrances to the body, such as the mouth and nose?

Mucous membrane.

What would an excessive amount of calcitonin from a thyroid tumor lead to?

An elevated level of osteoblast activity.

What does low blood calcium stimulate the secretion of?

Parathyroid hormone, leading to more osteoclast activity.

In which bones would red marrow be found in an adult?

Flat bones of the skull.

What is multiple cell types working together called?

A tissue.

What causes an increase in muscle size after six months of weight lifting?

Hypertrophy of muscle cells.

Which process is an example of positive feedback?

Blood clotting.

What does our body’s temperature fluctuate around to maintain homeostasis?

Set point.

What type of regulation helps keep a variable near its set point?

Negative feedback.

What are the steps of fracture healing in order?

Hematoma formation → Soft callus formation → Hard callus formation → Bone remodeling.

Which phenomenon is NOT an example of negative feedback?

A rise in estrogen increasing progesterone receptors in the uterus.

What does increased calcitonin in response to hypercalcemia cause?

Bone deposition.

Which tissue consists of spread-out cells in a protein matrix?

Connective tissue.

Which structure is NOT an example of connective tissue?

The lining of the intestine.

What are the four main tissue types in humans?

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective.

What is NOT a characteristic of epithelium?

Spread out cells in a non-cellular matrix.

How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?

Necrosis causes cells to swell and burst.

What is an example of a controlled cell dying without causing inflammation?

Apoptosis.

Which fiber in connective tissues forms a supportive mesh for soft organs?

Reticular fibers.

What is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue called?

Fibrosis.

What is true about stem cells?

Stem cells can self-renew or replace mature cells when needed.

What kind of stem cells exist in people after development?

Tissue-specific stem cells.

Which of the following is NOT a fully differentiated cell?

Osteogenic cell.

When is membrane transport considered active?

If it requires ATP.

What process is always considered active transport?

Transport that uses a pump.

Who produces the organic component of bone?

Osteoblasts.

What is the function of HCl secretion by osteoclasts?

To dissolve calcium phosphate.

What is an example of fluid that is extracellular but not interstitial?

Plasma (the fluid in blood).