AP Psych Review

BRO WHAT AM I DOING?!?!

Clinical Psychology

Diagnosing and treating psychological disorders

DSM-5 TM

A guide psychologists use to diagnose their patients, and contains the symptoms of every current psychological disorder

Medical Model

Treats psychological disorders similarly to other diseases and illnesses

Biopsychosocial Approach

The influence of nature (genetics), nurture (environment), and psychological factors in diagnosing/treating psychological disorders

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Develop in children (mostly) and are biological or genetic in nature. They affect how the brain functions

Neurocognitive Disorders

Reduce brain function due to a disease other than psychiatric illness

Schizophrenia Spectrum

Individuals lose contact with reality and often include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts

Negative Symptoms

Symptoms where normal behavior is reduced

Bipolar Disorders

A person experiences times of depression and manic episodes. It shares many symptoms with depressive disorders

Depressive Disorders

Persistent feelings of sadness resulting in the disruption of normal function and daily life

Anxiety Disorders

The normal anxiety in someone's life doesn’t go away and causes dysfunction

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

An individual feels compelled to perform to obsessions or according to rules that must be followed rigidly

Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders

A response to an overwhelmingly stressful or traumatic event. These are usually defined by how long the symptoms lasts

Dissociative Disorders

Disruption or separation of memory, consciousness, identity, motor control, behavior, emotion, or perception

Somatic Disorders

Intense focus on physical (somatic) symptoms that cause distress and dysfunction. Like the placebo effect but in a harmful direction

Substance and Addictive Disorders

Disorders that involve someone losing control of their actions in some way. Most usually connected to some sort of drug

Personality Disorders

Affects individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, is stable over time, and leads to impairment or distress

Broken into 3 Clusters: Personality Disorders

• Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

• Cluster B: Antisocial, Narcissistic, Borderline

• Cluster C: Dependent, Avoidant, Obsessive-Compulsive

Panic Disorder

Anxiety Disorder

Recurrent panic attacks (abrupt surges of intense fear or intense discomfort accompanied by physical and/or cognitive symptoms)

Agoraphobia

Anxiety Disorder

Marked anxiety about using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed places, being in a crowd, and/or being outside of the home alone.

Specific Phobia

Anxiety Disorder

Fearful or anxious about or avoidant of circumscribed objects or situations.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety Disorder

Fearful, anxious or avoidant of social interactions and situations that involve the possibility of being scrutinized.

Selective Mutism

Anxiety Disorder

Consistent failure to speak in social situations in which there is an expectation to speak even though the individual speaks in other situations.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety Disorder

Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities that occurs more days that not for at least six months

Bipolar I

Bipolar & Related

Depressive moods that last at least two weeks and manic moods that last at least one week.

Bipolar II

Bipolar & Related

Same depression as Bipolar I but hypomania lasts four or more days without life threatening consequences or psychotic episodes.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Depressive Disorders

Depressed mood that occurs for most of the day and lasts at least two years.

Major Depressive Disorder

Depressive Disorders

Depressed mood most of the day and/or diminished interest in almost all activities.

Premenstrual Dysmorphic Disorder

Depressive Disorders

Marked mood changes, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety beginning week before menses.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Depressive Disorders

Chronic, severe persistent irritability with frequent temper outbursts.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Disorders

Presence of tow or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession and recurrent periods of amnesia.

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Dissociative Disorders

Clinically significant persistent or recurrent experiences of unreality or detachment from one’s mind, self or body and/or experiences of unreality or detachment from one’s surroundings.

Dissociative Amnesia (including Fugue)

Dissociative Disorders

Inability to recall autobiographical information such as an event or period of time, specific aspect of an event or identity and life history; may involve purposeful travel or bewildered wandering (fugue).

Anorexia Nervosa

Feeding & Eating Disorders

Persistent energy intake restriction; intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat; disturbance in self-perceived weight or shape.

Bulimia Nervosa

Feeding & Eating Disorders

Recurrent episodes of binge eating; recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain; self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

Binge Eating Disorder

Feeding & Eating Disorders

Recurrent episodes of binge eating a definitely larger amount that most people would eat in a similar period of time; must occur at least one per week for three months

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Neurodevelopmental

Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neurodevelopmental

Impairing levels of inattention, disorganization and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

Tourette’s

Neurodevelopmental

Multiple motor and one or more vocal tics.

Intellectual Disability

neurodevelopmental

Deficits in general mental abilities such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience.

Major Neurocognitive Disorder (previously Dementia)

Neurocognitive

Significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, and/or social cognition. Specify if due to a number of other diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Neurocognitive

Insidious onset and gradual progression of cognitive and behavioral symptoms (decline in memory and learning).

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder & Related

Recurrent and persistent thoughts that are intrusive (obsessions) followed by repetitive behaviors or mental acts the individual feels driven to perform (compulsions).

Hoarding

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder & Related

Persistent difficulties discarding or parting with possessions regardless of actual value.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder & Related

Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable to others.

Trichotillomania

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder & Related

Recurrent pulling out of one’s own hair.

Delusional Disorder

Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders

At least one month of delusions but no other psychotic symptoms.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders

Lasts for six months and includes at least one month of active phase symptoms (see those mentioned in general description).

Conversion Disorder

Somatic Disorder

One or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function that can’t be explained through neurological or medical conditions.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Somatic Disorder

Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness; somatic symptoms are not present or are mild but there is a high anxiety about health concerns.

Factitious Disorder

Somatic Disorder

Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or causing an injury or disease, associated with identified deception to oneself or another (formerly Munchausen and Munchausen by proxy).

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders

Characteristic symptoms (flashbacks, distressing dreams, memories of event, avoidance of distressing thoughts and memories and external reminders, etc.) following exposure to one or more traumatic events.

Adjustment Disorder

Trauma & Stressor Related Disorders

Responding to a particular event or situation (a loss, a problem in a close relationship, an unwanted move, a disappointment, or a failure); typical symptoms include low mood, sadness, worry, anxiety, insomnia, poor concentration, loss of self esteem, hopelessness, feeling trapped, having no good options, and feeling isolated or cut off from others.

Paranoid

Personality Disorders Cluster A

Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness that others’ motives are interpreted as malevolent.

Schizoid

Personality Disorders Cluster A

Pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.

Schizotypal

Personality Disorders Cluster A

Pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior.

Antisocial

Personality Disorders Cluster B

Pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.

Borderline

Personality Disorders Cluster B

Pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity.

Histrionic

Personality Disorders Cluster B

Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

Narcissistic

Personality Disorders Cluster B

Pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Avoidant

Personality Disorders Cluster C

Pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent

Personality Disorders Cluster C

Pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of.

Obsessive-Compulsive

Personality Disorders Cluster C

Pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Attribution Theory

Our tendency to explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition (the type of person that they are)

Fundamental Attribution Error

Our tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition when analyzing someone’s behavior

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request

Cognitive Dissonance

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

Normative Social Influence

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval (be “normal”)

Informational Social Influences

Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality (being openminded)

Asch’s Conformity Study

4 confederates, 1 participant. Measured how likely participant would conform to the group in assessing lengths of lines

Milgram’s Obedience Study

Participants directed to give shocks to other participants when making mistakes. Found conditions where people are more likely to obey

Social Facilitation

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Social Loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when held individually accountable

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations in which people are aroused and can be anonymous

Group Polarization

Group discussion causes members to adopt more extreme, radical, or intensified positions than their initial inclinations

Groupthink

The desire for group harmony and conformity overrides critical evaluation, leading to irrational or dysfunctional decision-making

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Bystander Effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Social Exchange Theory

Our social behavior is an exchange process in which we aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Reciprocity Norm

A universal social rule requiring people to return favors, gifts, or kindnesses bestowed upon them

Social Responsibility Norm

A societal expectation and moral obligation that people should assist others who are in need or dependent on them, without expecting any reward or future payback

Social Trap

Situations in which individuals or groups pursue immediate, self-interested rewards that lead to long-term, negative, or even destructive consequences for the whole group

EX: Traffic Congestion (Everyone driving = traffic)

Mirror Image Perceptions

Where conflicting parties view each other in similar but opposite ways, w/ each side seeing themselves as moral and their opponent as evil, hostile, or irrational

Superordinate Goals

Shared goals that override differences between people and require their cooperation; “working for the greater good”

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Mirror Exposure Effect

Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking of them

EX: Liking someone in the halls you see everyday

Prejudice

An unjustifiable and negative attitude toward a group and its members

Just-World Phenomenon

The tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get (Karma)

Scapegoat Theory

Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Social Identity Theory

Individuals define their own self-concept and self-esteem based on the social groups to which they belong

Drive-Reduction Theory

Humans are motivated to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs (e.g., hunger, thirst) to maintain homeostasis

Incentive Theory

behaviors are primarily motivated by the desire for external rewards—or "incentives"—rather than internal drives

Arousal Theory

People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal—alertness, energy, and stimulation

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivated by internal satisfaction/reward

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivated by external reward

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Top → Bottom:

Self-actualization

Esteem

Love & Belonging

Safety needs

Physiological need

James-Lange Theory

Emotions are a response to physiological arousal caused by environmental stimuli

EX: Dog barking (Stimulus) → Heart rate increase (Physio) → Fear (emotion)

Cannon-Bard Theory

An emotion-arousing environmental stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological arousal and the experience of emotion

EX: Seeing snake (stimulus) → fear & increased heart rate (simultaneous response)

Schacter-Singer (Two-Factor) Theory

To experience an emotion, one must first be physiologically aroused and also cognitively label this arousal as a particular emotion

EX: Growling Dog (stimulus) → Increased heart rate (physio arousal) → “That’s scary!” (cognitive label) → Fear (emotion)

Yerkes-Dodson Curve

Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks and at higher levels of arousal for easy tasks