Hemostasis and Cardiovascular Pathology Study Guide

Vocabulary flashcards detailing key hemostasis factors, hemodynamics, hematologic disorders like DIC and Hemophilia A, and vascular pathophysiology based clinical manifestations.

Primary hemostasis

The process whose second component is the formation of a platelet plug.

Factor VII

A vitamin K dependent factor that activates factors IX and X, which are essential in converting prothrombin to thrombin.

Factor V

A cofactor for activated factor X that is essential for converting prothrombin to thrombin.

Factor XI

A factor whose deficiency causes mild bleeding problems after surgery but does not cause excessive bleeding from trauma.

Law of Laplace

The law expressing the relationship between distending pressure and wall tension as $T = P \times r$.

Acute Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A condition occurring secondary to malignancy, Sepsis, snakebite, abruption placentae, trauma, crushing injuries, burns, shock, severe liver disease, or incompatible blood transfusions.

Blood Viscosity

A state where increased thickness causes higher friction between cells and liquid, leading to an increase in resistance to flow.

Endothelium constricting factors

Substances including angiotensin 11 (All), endothelin, oxygen-derived free radicals, prostacyclin Hy, and thromboxane Az.

Nitric Oxide (NO) inducers

Substances such as acetylcholine, bradykinin, histamine, and substance P that increase the formation of nictric Oxidel or are themselves generated by it.

Distal ischemia

The primary manifestation of an obstruction in the arterial system.

Relative Polycythemia

A condition due to dehydration characterized by flat neck veins, decreased skin turgor, thirst, tachycardia, and in severe cases, low CO and blood pressure.

Hemophilia A

An X-linked recessive disorder accounting for $85\%$ of clinical hemophilia cases caused by factor VIII deficiency.

Cryoprecipitate

A preparation used along with factor VIII concentrate to manage bleeding episodes in patients with hemophilia A.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) etiology

An acquired hemorrhagic syndrome also known as disseminated intravascular coagulopathy or disseminated intravascular consumption, where widespread clotting in small vessels consumes clotting factors and platelets.

Cyclosporine (Sandimmune)

A selective immunosuppressant that reversibly suppresses T-helper cells into the GO or G1 phase of the cell cycle without killing them.

H4 receptors

The specific histamine receptors expressed predominantly by basophils.

Azathioprine

A purine analog that inhibits the synthesis of DNA, used in autoimmune diseases, with side effects including malignancy and bone marrow suppression.

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg)

A treatment used for disorders like Myasthenia gravis, severe dermatomyositis, Guillian-Barre syndrome, and inflammatory demyelinating disorders.

Type IV hypersensitivity

A T-cell mediated reaction that does not require antibody production and results in a delayed cellular reaction; examples include Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SSS) and pustular psoriasis (PP).

Leukotrienes

Compounds that cause increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, hypotension, urticaria, bronchoconstriction, and smooth muscle contraction.

Anaphylaxis causes

Triggers such as penicillin, radiographic contrast media, aspirin, insect venom (hymenoptera), pollen, pet dander, and certain foods like tree nuts or shellfish.

Basement membrane

The protein network structure to which the endothelial cells of capillaries are attached.

Intima

The inner layer of the vessel wall that exerts friction against cellular components of blood, causing the outermost layer of blood to move the slowest.

Blood velocity decrease

An effect that occurs when the total cross-sectional area of the vascular network increases.

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

The primary force resulting in fluid remaining in the capillary.

Lymphatic flow

A process increased by increasing capillary pressure, increasing interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure, increasing capillary permeability, or decreasing plasma colloid osmotic pressure.

Vascular endothelium cells

The specific cells in the vasculature that produce nitric oxide.

Thrombosis risk factors

Conditions including hypercoagulable states (Polycythemia, dehydration), pump failure (heart failure, shock), aging, trauma, sedentary lifestyle, and use of oral contraceptives or tobacco.

Atherosclerosis target vessels

Large and medium size arteries, most frequently the coronary, cerebral, carotid, and femoral arteries along with the aorta.