Bio Key Words

Endosymbiosis

Historical process by which eukaryote cells formed: one prokaryote cell ate another resulting in organelle

8 essential processes of life

nutrition, excretion, metabolism, growth, response to stimuli, homeostatis, reproduction, movement

3 rules of cell theory

All organisms are made up of cells, all cells came from pre existing cells, cells are smallest unit of life

Morphogens

Chemical which controls gene expression. Allows cells to specialize in terms of how close they where to Morphogens in blastocysts

Purpose of MEMBRANE PROTIENS: JET RAT

Junction (combo), enzyme, transport, recognition, adhesion, transduction (communication)

Glycoprotein & Glycolipid Purpose

cell signaling, adhesion, stabilization

Meaning of Fluid Mosiac Model

Membrane is AMORPHOUS meaning it is fluid and can move shape (disproved sandwhich model for being too rigid and uniform)

Aquaporins

specialized integral proteins to facilitate movement of water across the membrane to maintain osmotic pressure (found in kidney)

Osmosis

Water movement from low to high solute concentration

Hypertonic solution effect on cell

Water will leave cell, crenation (shrivel)

Hypotonic solution effect on cell

water will go in cell, turgid or lysed

2 Types of CYTOSIS and meaning

Endocytoisis (net movement in through consumption), Exocytosis (net movement out through excrition)

Properties of water

cohesion, adhesion, buoyancy, high surface tension, high specific heat capacity, universal solvent, hydrogen bonding

Bonding between nucleotides (between phosphate and sugar backbone C ‘5 and C’3)

Condensation reaction

Bonding between nitrogenous bases in DNA

Hydrogen Bond

Genetic Code

all forms of life have same genetic code thanks to complementary base pairing. Evidence for common ancestry

Purine vs Pyrimidines

Purines like A and G is 2 rings strucutre, while Pyrimidines are 1 ring strucutre ( T C U)

Anabolic metabolism vs Catabolic metabolism

Anabolic= adding energy to build, Catabolic= Hydrolysis to release

Enzyme controls: accelerate reaction

temperature, pH, concentration, catalyst

Codon Degeneracy

Multiple codons code for same amino acid

Steps of Translation

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

What Occurs in Initiation

small and large ribonsomal subunits combine and start codon (AUG) is read.

What occurs in elongation

Growth of amino acids chain. Enter A cite, shift to P cite, leaves E cite

What occurs in Termination

Reaches one of 3 stop codons and ribosomal subunits explode

Word for containing both polar and non polar parts

Amphipathic

Stages of Cell Division

G1, S, G2, M

G1

growth, cell increases in size

S

copy of genetic material

G2

Continued growth

M

mitosis

Discoverer of DNA helix

Watson and Crick in 1953

Interphase

G1, G2, S: growth, and duplication

Cytokensis in animals vs plants

animal= contractile ring, plants= cell plate

Vocab and example of uneven cytokinesis split

Oogensis, like in yeast, budding

stages of mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Interphase

DNA uncondensed into chromatin

Prophase

nuclus dissolved and centroles move to poles And produce fiber, and DNA coils into chromosomes

metaphase

spindle fibers attach to centromere and pull chromosomes in center

anaphase

The split of sister chromotids

Telophase

DNA unravels again to form chromotids and nucleus takes form

Cytokinesis

splitting of cell

Cell production: Mitosis vs. Meoisis

Mitosis= 2 diploid cells, Meosis= 4 haploid cells

Causes of Genetic variation

Crossing over (Prophase 1 via Chiasmata), Radom assortement (Metaphase 1), Random fertralisation, Non dysfunction (Anaphase)

Chiasmata

Occurs during crossing over we’re genetics info is exchanged between homologous pair

Strucutre of a chloroplast

Stroma (enzyme) Thylokoid (individual ring) Granum (stack) Lamella (connects granum)

What occurs in LDR

photolysis of water, and photophostalisation of oxygen and conversion of sunlight into NADP and ATP

LDR (Calvin Cycle)

Uses chemical energy to synthesis glucose ANABOLIC

Limiting factor of photosynthesis

Light intensity (pos correlation), temperature (pos until denature), CO2 concentration (pos)

What is Cell Respiration

breaking down of organic compounds mainly glucose via aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Key traits of Aerobic Respiration

complete breakdown, needs oxygen, occurs in mitochondria, uses glycolysis, produces CO2 and water

Key traits of Anaerobic Respiration

Partial breakdown, no need for oxygen, occurs in cytoplasm, uses glycolysis and fermentation, and produced either lactic acid or ethanol and CO2

Glycolysis how does it occur?

Split pyruvate to consume 2 molecules of ATP and produces 4 molecules of ATP and NADH

Pyruvate

Organic molecule which gets split during glycolysis in KREBS CYCLE

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Mitochondria inner strucutre and function for Cell Resp

Has many inner folds named CRISTAE, which increase surface area allowing for more electron transport

CRISTAE

Inner mitochondrial folds

What does Pyruvate produce?

3 CO2 and 1 ATP

How many pyruvate does glucose have

2 pyruvate= 6 CO2 and 2 ATP

Example of Hydrogen Carrier

NADH