required foundational documents

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, which established a weak federal government and was replaced by the Constitution.

Brutus No. 1

A series of essays arguing against the ratification of the Constitution, emphasizing the dangers of a large, centralized government.

Federalist No. 10

An essay by James Madison discussing the dangers of faction and how a large republic can mitigate those risks.

Federalist No. 51

An essay by James Madison that explains the importance of checks and balances within the government structure.

Federalist No. 70

An essay by Alexander Hamilton advocating for a strong executive leader and the importance of energy in the executive branch.

Federalist No. 78

An essay by Alexander Hamilton discussing the role of the judiciary and the concept of judicial review.

Declaration of Independence

A document declaring the American colonies' independence from Britain, outlining principles of liberty and governance.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual rights and freedoms.

Social contract theory

The philosophical idea that individuals consent to form a government to protect their rights and promote the common good.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

A letter by Martin Luther King Jr. defending nonviolent resistance to racism and advocating for civil rights.

Consent of the governed

The principle that government derives its authority from the approval of the people.

Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

A principle from the Declaration of Independence emphasizing fundamental human rights.