Introduction to General and Veterinary Anatomy

These flashcards provide essential vocabulary and definitions from general and veterinary anatomy, covering disciplines, history, cell biology, osteology, and myology as presented in the lecture notes.

Anatomy

A branch of natural science which deals with the study of animal parts.

Morphology

Deals with forms and structures of animals.

Morpho anatomy

Deals with anatomical forms, with emphasis on distinguishing characteristics between different animal species.

Morphophysiology

Deals with the interrelationship between anatomical form and body functions.

Zootechnics

Deals with methods and techniques in animal production.

Microbiology

Deals with microbes including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, DNA and RNA viruses, superficial and systemic fungi, and organisms with uncertain taxonomic classification (MURAC: Mycoplasma, ureaplasma, Rickettsia, Anaplasia, Chlamydia).

Parasitology

Deals with parasites including worms, insects, arachnids, and protozoa.

Pathology

Deals with diseases, which are reflections of body responses to injuries and insults.

Pharmacology

Deals with drugs, recommended dosages, indication, contraindications, and adverse effects.

Medicine and Surgery

Deals with the nature, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of animal diseases.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher regarded as the Father of biology; postulated the 4 elements of life: water, air, fire, and earth.

Hippocrates

Father of human medicine; postulated the 4 humors of the body: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus

Father of veterinary medicine.

William Harvey

Father of blood circulation ($1638$); later regarded as the father of physiology.

Paracelsus

Grandfather of pharmacology; stated that "every drug is a poison" (it's only a matter of dose that makes it a poison).

Watson and Crick

Postulated the double-helical strand of DNA in $1953$.

Anatomia

A Greek word meaning "to cut up or to dissect."

Developmental Anatomy (Embryology)

Deals with embryonic and fetal development of animals.

Splanchnology

A branch of macroscopic anatomy dealing with visceral (internal) organs.

Leptonema

The first step of Prophase I in Meiosis I where chromosomes move to one side of the nucleus.

Zygonema

The second step of Prophase I in Meiosis I where "synapsis" happens, marked by the pairing of homozygous chromosomes; considered the most important event in meiotic prophase.

Pachynema

The third step of Prophase I in Meiosis I where bivalent or tetrad formation and "crossing over" occur, resulting in the reshuffling of hereditary materials and phenotypic variations.

Mitochondrion

Boat/sausage-shaped organelle regarded as the powerhouse of the cell; produces energy in the form of ATP through the wreb's cycle (forming a total of $36\,ATP$ per cycle).

Lysosome / Peroxisome

Contain hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes for destroying foreign agents, especially in phagocytic cells.

Golgi Apparatus

Also called Golgi Complex or Golgi body; half-moon/crescent shaped organelle that packages secretory products of RER and SER prior to release.

Centriole

Paired organelle located in the centrosome which migrates to opposite poles during mitosis and meiosis to organize and guide mitotic spindles.

Calcitonin

A hormone that lowers or decreases blood calcium ($Ca$) by depositing it from blood to bone.

PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

A hormone that increases blood calcium ($Ca$) levels by withdrawing calcium from bone to blood.

Epiphyseal Plate (Growth plate)

Made out of hyaline cartilage; the site of growth in long bones.

Cancellous bone

Porous bone tissue containing air spaces.

Pneumatic bones

Hollow bones with air spaces inside, connected to the respiratory system of birds (e.g., humerus, sternum, clavicle).

Sesamoid bones

Bones resembling a "sesame seed"; the patella (knee cap) is the largest example.

Os penis (Baculum)

A splanchnic or visceral bone in dogs that allowing penetration without erection.

Os cordis

A splanchnic or visceral bone located at the level of the aortic fibrous ring in the cardiac septum of the heart in ox or cattle.

Synarthroses

Immovable or fixed joints joined by either fibrous tissue, cartilage, or both.

Diarthroses

Moveable joints marked by a joint capsule, cavity, and synovial membrane.

Myology

The branch of gross anatomy which deals with the study of muscles.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, involuntary type muscle limited to the myocardium of the heart; under ANS control.

Kinesiology

A sub-branch of myology dealing with muscle movements.

Prime mover (Agonist)

The muscle responsible for a certain body movement, such as the Masseter in closing the mouth.