Honors Chemistry Final Study Guide

Limiting reactant

The reactant that produces the smallest amount of product in a reaction.

Synthesis

A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single product (A + B → AB).

Avogadro’s number

The number 6.022 × 10²³ — the number of particles in one mole of any substance.

Boyle’s Law

Gas law that states P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ at constant temperature.

Charles’s Law

Gas law that states V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ at constant pressure (T in Kelvin).

Combustion

A reaction in which a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce CO₂ and H₂O.

Decomposition

A reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more substances (AB → A + B).

Single replacement

A reaction in which an element replaces another element in a compound (A + BC → AC + B).

Neutralization

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water.

Solute

The dissolved substance in a solution.

Solvent

The substance doing the dissolving in a solution (often water).

Molarity

Moles of solute per liter of solution.

Acid

A sour-tasting substance that releases H⁺ ions in water and turns litmus red.

Base

A substance that releases OH⁻ ions in water, feels slippery, and has a bitter taste.

pH

The negative logarithm of [H⁺]; values < 7 are acidic, > 7 are basic.

Indicator

A substance such as phenolphthalein or litmus that changes color based on pH.

Molar mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams.

Empirical formula

The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.

Excess reactant

The reactant that remains after the reaction is complete.

Joule

The SI unit of energy (1 cal = 4.184 of these).

Synthesis

A + B → AB

Decomposition

AB → A + B

Single Displacement

AB + C → AC + B

Double Displacement

AB + CD → AC + BD

Combustion

AB + O₂ → AO + HO

How do you convert mL → L?

____ x 1L/1000mL

Solution Equation

M=mol/L

Diatomic Elements

Mole

Avogardo’s number = 6.022 × 10²³

Mole-particle conversions

Atoms, molecules, formula units

Molar volume of a gas at STP

22.4L/mol

Conversion of KJ → J

1 KJ = 1000 J

Percent composition by mass

Empirical formula from percent composition

Naming acids

“I ate something icky.”

“Sprite is delicious.”

“My ride has hydrolics.”

Metals vs Nonmetals

Acid

Contain a pH less than 7, has a sour taste, and always contains the Hydrogen (H⁺) ion.

Base

Contain a pH greater than 7, has a bitter taste, and always contains the Hydroxide (OH) ion

A reaction between an acid and a base is called a ________ reaction.

Neutralization