Human Anatomy Chapter 12 The Central Nervous System

Which ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon?

The third ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon, connecting the two lateral ventricles to the cerebral aqueduct.

Which two areas of the adult brain have an outside layer of gray matter in addition to central gray matter and surrounding white matter?

The cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum are the two areas of the adult brain that have an outer layer of gray matter along with central gray matter and surrounding white matter.

What is the function of convolutions of the brain?

The convolutions of the brain, also known as gyri and sulci, increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex, allowing for greater neuronal density and facilitating complex cognitive functions.

Which areas of the brain have an outer layer of gray matter?

Cerebellum and cerebrum

In the lateralization of cortical function, the left hemisphere of most people dominates during which of the following tasks?

Language

Match the following area of the cerebrum with its function: Broca’s area

Speech

Match the term with its definition: Fissure

Deep groove

The circled area is involved with which of the following?

Perception of sound

Match the cerebral structure with the appropriate function: Cerebral cortex

The “executive suite” of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found

Match the tem with its definition: White matter

Mostly myelinated axons

__________ is a division of labor in which each cerebral hemisphere has unique abilities not completely shared by its partner.

Lateralization

Name the outlined structure

Broca’s area

Match the term with its definition: Ventricle

Hollow fluid-filled space

Damage to the circled area may lead to what behavioral symptom?

Functional blindness

Match the term with its definition: Gyrus

Elevated ridge of tissue

Match the term with its definition: Gray matter

Neuron cell bodies

What is the function of the outlined structure?

Receives information from the general (somatic) sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors

Damage to the circled area may cause what symptoms?

Paralysis of voluntary muscle control on the right side of the body

What anatomical landmark of the cerebral cortex separates primary motor areas from somatosensory areas?

Central sulcus

Anoki, who is left-handed, decided to wear his favorite T-shirt to his anatomy class. On his T-shirt were the words “Only left-handed people are in their right minds.” What does this statement mean?

Motor functions on the left side of the body are controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain because motor tracts from the right hemisphere cross over (in the medulla oblongata) to the left side of the spinal cord to go to the left side of the body

Which type of fiber allows the two cerebral hemispheres to “talk to each other”?

Commissural fibers

Name the components of the basal nuclei

The basal nuclei, also known as basal ganglia, consist of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, and are involved in regulating voluntary motor activity.

What anatomical landmark of the cerebral cortex separates primary motor areas from somatosensory areas?

Central sulcus

The anteriormost area of the cerebrum is associated with which distinctive function?

Applying intellect and cognition

Match the EEG brain wave pattern with its correct description: Delta waves

Seen during deep sleep, during anesthesia; indicate brain damage in awake adults

Match the EEG brain wave pattern with its correct description: Beta waves

Occur when we are mentally alert, as when concentrating on some problem or visual stimulus

Name three factors that can enhance transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory

Rehearsal, association, and a heightened emotional state

When would you see delta waves in an EEG?

Delta waves are seen during deep sleep, anesthesia, and can indicate brain damage in awake adults.

Which two states of consciousness are between alertness and coma?

Drowsiness and stupor.

During which sleep stage are most skeletal muscles actively inhibited?

During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, most skeletal muscles are actively inhibited, preventing movement.

Which of the following is the middle layer of the meninges?

Arachnoid mater

Identify the type of brain waves indicated by “D”

Alpha waves

Which statement about language is incorrect?

All of the association areas on the right side of the cerebral cortex are involved in language

Identify the type of brain waves indicated by “A”

Theta waves

Identify the type of brain waves indicated by “B”

Delta waves

Match the EEG brain wave pattern with its correct description: Theta waves

Common in children; uncommon in awake adults, but may appear when concentrating

Which of the following is not a stage of sleep?

REM2

If you are having a conversation with a person, excuse yourself for five minutes, and come back and the person no longer knows you, the person could be suffering from __________.

Anterograde amnesia

Which of the following is not considered to play a role in the transfer of memories from STM (short-term memories) to LTM (long-term memories)?

Reflexive memory

Clinically, consciousness is defined on a continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli. Which of the following does not belong to this continuum of consciousness?

Relaxed

Identify the type of brain waves indicated by “C”

Beta waves

Match the EEG brain wave pattern with its correct description: Alpha waves

Indicate a brain that is “idling”; a calm, relaxed state of wakefulness

What is CSF?

Cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord, providing protection and nutrient transport. It also helps to remove waste products.

Where is CSF produced?

Produced in the choroid plexus of the ventricles in the brain, where it circulates throughout the central nervous system.

What are the functions of CSF?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves several functions, including cushioning the brain and spinal cord, providing buoyancy to reduce their effective weight, transporting nutrients, and removing waste products from the central nervous system.

Identify structures a-e in the frontal section

a. Superior sagittal sinus

b. Arachnoid granulation

c. Dura mater

d. Arachnoid mater

e. Pia mater

What is the function of structure (b)?

The function of structure (b), the arachnoid granulation, is to absorb CSF into venous blood

Between which two structures would you find CSF?

Arachnoid mater and pia mater

Name the two parts of structure ©

The two parts of structure (c), the dura mater, are the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer.

Which of the following cell types is NOT directly involved in forming the blood brain barrier?

Neurons