PSB 2000 FSU State-Mandated Neuroscience Quiz

Central Nervous System (CNS)

made up of brain and spinal cord

sensory information, process information, send out motor signals

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

neural structures outside brain/spinal cord

controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands

Autonomic Nervous System

communicates with internal organs and glands

Somatic Nervous System

communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles

Sympathetic

"fight or flight"

arousal

Parasympathetic

"rest and digest"

calming

Alzheimer's

- most common type of dementia

- memory loss

- affected hippocampus and entorhinal cortex

Parkinson's

- brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements

- shaking, stiffness, difficulty with balance and coordination

- basal gangula affected

HPA Axis

Hypothalamus -> Anterior Pituitary -> Adrenal Cortex

1. Hypothalamus releases Corticotropin Renewing Hormone CRH

2. Anterior Pituitary releases Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH

3. Adrenal Cortex releases Cortisol

HPG

Hypothalamus -> Anterior Pituitary -> Gonads --> Testosterone OR Estrogen & Progesterone

1. Hypothalamus releases GnRH

2. Anterior Pituitary releases LH and FSH

3. Gonads release sex hormones

a) Testosterone

b) Estrogen & Progesterone

Synaptic Transmission

The process by which one neuron communicates with another.

Information is passed down the axon of a neuron as an action potential.

The action potential reaches end of axon and is sent to another neuron.

Two Major Types of Cells in Nervous System

1. Neurons - nerve cells

86-100 billion

2. Glial Cells (glia)

8.5-10x more glia than neurons

Dendrites

receive signals from other cells

Cell Body

organizes/keeps the cell functional

Cell Membrane

protects the cell

Axon Hillock

generates impulse in neurons

Node of Raniver

allow diffusion of ions

Nucleus

Controls the entire neuron

Axon

transfers signals to other cells

Myelin Sheath

increases the speed of the signal

Schwann Cell

produces the myelin sheath

Axon Terminal

forms junction with other cells

Myelin

an insulating layer that forms around nerves

including those in brain and spinal cord

made up of proteins/fatty substances

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cell

Synapse

Where neurons communicate

Action Potential

depolarization occurs -> overshoot -> repolarization

rapid changes in the membrane potential that spread rapidly along the cell membrane

- axon hillock generates impulse in neuron carried down the axon

- potassium (K+) ions leave (to restore equilibrium)

- positive ions (sodium; Na+ ions) flow into cell body (to restore equilibrium)

- action potentials cause neurotransmitter to be releases in synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter

chemical signals/messages releases from the presynaptic nerve terminals to the synaptic cleft

- bind to NT receptors on the postsynaptic membrane -> causes receptors to give electrical signals by opening or closing ion channels on postsynaptic membrane

Types of Electrical Charge

1. EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

a temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell as a result of opening of ligand-sensitive channels

2. IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

caused by the opening of chloride channels or potassium channels

Depolarization

when positive ions flow into the neuron or negative ions flow out

meaning inside more positive

Hyperpolarization

when positive ions flow out of the neuron or negative ions flow in

meaning outside more positive

Function of Hypothalamus

maintains homeostasis

Function of Hippocampus

learning and memory

Function of Amygdala

emotion

Function of Frontal Lobe

cognition

Function of Occipital Lobe

vision

Function of Temporal Lobe

auditory

Function of Pariental Lobe

sensory information and proprioception

Broca's area is located ____

frontal lobe

Wernicke's area is located _____

temporal lobe