BIOL2710 A&P Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering cell theory, organelles, cell surface structures, and membrane transport mechanisms based on the BIOL2710 Chapter 3 worksheet.

Cell Theory

The theory stating that all organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, and cells arise from preexisting cells.

Nucleus

The organelle that controls cell activities and contains DNA.

Plasma membrane

The selectively permeable outer boundary of the cell, composed mostly of phospholipids, that surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits.

Cytoplasm

A gel-like substance inside the cell that contains organelles.

Ribosome

The organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

Golgi

The organelle responsible for protein modification.

Mitochondria

The organelle responsible for energy production.

Lysosome

An organelle responsible for digestion within the cell.

Peroxisome

An organelle that detoxifies substances.

Rough ER

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes.

Smooth ER

A type of endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes steroids and other lipids.

Microvilli

Structures that increase surface area for absorption; found in cell types such as intestinal cells.

Cilia

Structures that propel fluids across the cell surface; found in cell types such as those in uterine tubes.

Flagella

Structures responsible for cell movement; found in sperm cells.

Cholesterol

A component of the plasma membrane that increases membrane stability.

Hydrophobic

A term meaning water fearing.

Hydrophilic

A term meaning water loving.

Passive transport

A type of membrane transport that requires no energy to move substances.

Active transport

A type of membrane transport that requires energy (ATP) to move substances against the concentration gradient.

Diffusion

The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; its rate is affected by concentration, molecule size, and temperature.

Simple diffusion

The movement of substances directly through the phospholipid bilayer from high to low concentration without requiring ATP.

Facilitated diffusion

A form of passive transport that requires transport proteins (channels or carriers) to move substances down the concentration gradient.

Osmosis

The movement of water toward an area of higher solute concentration.

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell.

Hypotonic

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to move into the cell, which may lead to swelling or bursting.

Sodium-potassium pump

A mechanism that moves $Na^+$ out of the cell.

Endocytosis

The process of transport into the cell.

Exocytosis

The process of transport out of the cell.

Phagocytosis

A type of vesicular transport used to engulf large particles.

Pinocytosis

A type of vesicular transport characterized as 'cell drinking'.

Secondary active transport

A process that uses energy from a concentration gradient rather than ATP directly.