western civ ppl

What type of government did Sparta have?

Oligarchy with 2 kings, one for war and one for home.

What system of government was practiced in Athens?

Direct democracy.

What was Socrates' famous quote regarding life?

"The unexamined life is not worth living."

How did Socrates die?

He killed himself as he could no longer teach and was accused of corrupting the youth.

What is the Socratic method?

A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue involving questioning.

What was the main message of Pericles' funeral oration?

Athenians should ensure democracy flourishes as soldiers have died in vain.

What is Plato's theory of forms?

The belief that humans cannot see the truth like love and happiness but can see examples of it.

What significant event did the Peloponnesian War signal?

The end of Athenian superiority and the beginning of the decline of Greek civilization.

What was the outcome of Athens' power after the Persian wars?

Athens was accused of taking funds from the Delian League.

Who was Alexander the Great?

A great general who united Greek and Persian culture and took territories in Greece.

What happened to Alexander's empire after his death?

It was fought over by many generals and broken up as he did not name a successor.

What were the 12 Tables?

The outline of Roman law that included rights still recognized today.

What role did Plebeians serve in Roman government?

They served in the tribune.

Who were Scipio Africanus and Hannibal?

Key figures in the Punic Wars, where Rome defeated Carthage.

What was a significant consequence of the Gracchi brothers' political reform attempts?

An increase in political violence and no peaceful transfer of power in Rome.

What impact did the populares have in Rome?

They gained control with private armies, promising land to soldiers.

What is the Circus Maximus?

A racing track in ancient Rome.

What is the Colosseum?

A gladiator arena in ancient Rome.

Who was Augustus Caesar?

The first emperor of the Roman Empire and part of the second triumvirate.

What are Triumvirates in Roman history?

Groups of three people who ruled Rome that often led to civil wars.

Who were the members of the First Triumvirate?

Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.

Who was Constantine in Roman history?

The first emperor to convert to Christianity.

What infamous act did Nero commit during a city fire?

He laughed at the burning city and blamed Christians.

What did Augustus Caesar preside over?

The Pax Romana, a long period of peace in the Roman Empire.

What does Arete mean?

Individual excellence.

What does gravitas mean?

Self-sacrifice for Rome.

Who ran latifundias in ancient Rome?

Patricians using land taken or bought from soldiers.

What was Diocletian known for in Roman history?

Splitting the Roman Empire in half.

What are the Abrahamic religions?

Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.

Who spread Christianity according to the notes?

Paul.

Who is recognized as the first pope?

Peter.

Who was considered the first prophet in the context given?

Abraham.

What is Constantinople?

The capital of the Byzantine Empire, the eastern Roman Empire.

What significant event occurred in the Battle of Tours?

It stopped the advance of Muslims into modern-day France in the 700s.

What was the Estates General in France?

A parliamentary body.

What was the purpose of the Magna Carta?

To reduce the power of the king and shift towards less feudal societies.

What was the role of the Medici family during the Renaissance?

Rulers of Florence and patrons of the arts.

What did Machiavelli state in 'The Prince'?

The end justifies the means; it is better to be feared than loved.

What subjects were emphasized in Renaissance art?

Classical subjects, specifically Roman and Greek influences.

What painting is Raphael famous for?

The School of Athens.

What does the Northern Renaissance focus on?

The ideal of man being perfectly realized.

What does the Renaissance symbolize?

A rebirth of Greek and Roman culture, philosophy, art, and literature.