chapter 23 conservation, properties

urinary system

urinalysis

examination of physical, microscopic and chemical properties of urine

pyuria

pus in urine

hematuria

blood in urine due to urinary tract infection, trauma, or kidney stones

specific gravity

density ranges from 1.001 to 1.028 g/mL

osmolarity

blood = 300 mOsm/L

urine = 50 to 1,200 mOsm/L (dehydrated)

pH

ranges from 4.5 to 8.2

usually 6, mildly acidic

polyuria

urine output > 2L

oliguria

urine output < 500mL

anuria

0 to 100 mL of urine

diabetes

chronic polyuria

glycosuria

glucose in urine

diuretics

increase urine volume

adventitia

CT layer that connects ureter to surrounding structures

muscularis

2 layers smooth muscle with 3rd layer in lower ureter

mucosa

inner transitional epithelium

kidney stone

can obstruct lumen (very narrow)

urinary bladder

muscular sac located on floor of pelvic cavity

muscularis (detrusor muscle)

3 layers smooth muscle

rugae

conspicuous wrinkles in empty bladder

layers of ureter

adventitia

muscularis

mucosa

layers of urinary bladder

parietal peritoneum

muscularis

mucosa

trigone

smooth-surfaced triangular area on bladder floor

marked w openings of ureters and urethra

renal calculus (kidney stone)

hard granule of calcium or uric acid or magnesium salt

female urethra

3-4 cm long

external urethral orifice

male urethra

18 cm long

prostatic urethra

2.5 cm

passes through prostate

membranous urethra

0.5 cm

passes through muscular floor

spongy (penile) urethra

15 cm

passes through pen*s

internal urethral sphincter

only males

external urethral sphincter

skeletal muscle - voluntary

cystitis

infection of urinary bladder

pyelitis

infection of renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

infection that reaches kidney cortex and nephrons

micturition

urination

renal insufficiency

kidney cannot maintain homeostasis (extensive destruction of nephrons)

hemodialysis

artificially clearing wastes from blood