Journalism 1330 final exam

white blond girl effect

tendency of news media to saturate coverage of any news event involving a cute white blond girl. ex)Taylor Swift

4 Stereotypes to avoid:

1. The secondary: people of little consequence who serve the powerful.

2. The ignored/invisible: people who are trivialized.

3. Achievers: people who are exceptions to the "norm".

4. The despised/feared: people who are outsiders/criminals.

nonbias rule

Would my wording be the same if my subject were an affluent white man?

People-first language

Someone is a person WITH a disability, not a disabled person. Put the person 1st.

News Values

Impact, Proximity, Timeliness, Prominence, Conflict, Novelty

Impact

Why should we care?

Proximity

closer=more newsworthy

Timeliness

Report the latest events or the latest developments.

Prominence

Names make the news.

Conflict

Where there is conflict, there is news.

Novelty

The unusual makes the news.

High Five

One method of story organization

Advantage=reporting AND writing strategy

If the high five questions are answered, the reporter can write the story.

High five elements go in the top 5 paragraphs.

News, Impact, Context, Scope, Edge

Aristotle's Mean

In journalism the extremes are doing nothing and exposing everything. Finding the mean is when you negotiate between the legitimate claims of two legally appropriate entities.

Kant's Categorical Imperative

Deception to get a good story no matter what the aim is inexcusable. What's right for one is right for all.

Mill's Principle of Utility

It suggests that you first calculate possible consequences of performing the actions available to you. Choose the option that maximizes value or minimizes loss.

Rawl's Veil of Ignorance

All parties step back from real circumstances into an "original position" behind a barrier where roles and social differentiations are gone. Can't show bias.

Judeo-Christian Persons as Ends

Human beings have unconditional value apart from shifting circumstances. It's humankind's duty to love others without considering anything else.

5 Moral Duties

1. Duty to ourselves

2. Duty to clients

3. Duty to organization or firm

4. Duty to professional colleagues

5. Duty to society

Potter Box

Situation->Values->Principle->Loyalties->Judgement

The ethical decision making scheme that uses the five duties and principles.

Cute white blond girl effect

Tendency of news media to saturate coverage of any news event involving a cute white blond girl. ex) Taylor Swift

Racism: 4 stereotypes to avoid

The secondary, the ignored, achievers, and the despised.

The Secondary

People of little consequence who serve the powerful. ex) migrant farmers, domestic help

The Ignored/ The Invisible

People who are trivialized. ex) gang members, the ghetto

Achievers

People who are exceptions to the "norm". ex) He is a credit to his race.

The Despised/ The Feared

People who are the outsiders and criminals. ex) illegal aliens, drug addicts

Group Names

...

African-Americans

"black" unless from Africa

Asian-Americans

Country of origin preferred

American Indians/ Native Americans

Tribe preferred

Descending from Spanish-speaking cultures

Chicano, Latino, Hispanic, or by country of origin

Sexism: Questions to ask

1. Does the parallel word for a man mean the same for a women? 2. Is the parallel word negative or a put down? 3. If you couldn't find a parallels word, why not?

Non-bias Rule

"Would my wording be the same if my subject were an affluent white man?"

Mankind/Founding Fathers

forebears

Gentleman's Agreement

Informal Agreement

Man Power

Work Force

To Man (verb)

To Operate

Gender Identity

How does the person identify?

Gay

Men and women, not homosexual.

Transgender

Use pronoun preferred by a person who has acquired physical characteristics of the opposite gender or presents as opposite gender.

Transsexual

Person changes gender through surgery.

People-First Language

Someone is a person with a disability, not a disabled person. Put the person first. WRONG: Jim is a diabetic RIGHT: Jim has diabetes. Change your perspective on how you view someone's condition.

BOTTOM LINE

Is it accurate?

Is it relevant?

News Judgement

Understanding of what news is and how to pursue it.

Definition of News

Information that has importance/value/interest to the audience and affects peoples daily lives.

News Values

Impact, Proximity, Timeliness, Prominence, Conflict, and Novelty

Impact

So what? Why should we care?

Proximity

Closer equals more newsworthy. Localize: always search for local impact from national and international stories.

Timeliness

Report the latest events or latest developments. Reporters can't skip a day waiting for better stories; They must do the best with what they have.

Prominence

Names make the news. Readers are curious about prominent people.

Conflict

Where there's conflict, there is news. People fight about issues they care about. Those are the issues you want to explore. The conflict itself isn't actually newsworthy.

Novelty

The unusual makes the news. How is it different, unusual, or bizzar?

Kinds of News

Hard news, spot news, soft news, and human interest stories

Hard News

Coverage of the actions of government or business, or the reporting of an event such as a crime, an accident, or a speech. The time element is important.

Spot News

A timely report of an event that is unfolding at the moment.

Soft News

Stones about trends, personalities, or lifestyles. The time element is usually not important.

Human-Interest Story

A story valued more for its emotional impact or oddity than for its importance.

Pack Journalism

The tendency of editors and reporters to cover a story because every one else is doing it. Stay away from the pack!!

Above the Fold

The position of any story or art that runs on the top half of the front page; It's the most desirable position in the paper.

Newspaper Readers

Generally interested and attentive. They are active seekers of news, exert more effort to read publication, and are willing to spend their energy because of the higher information pay off.

Print Writers

Can hold the attention of print audiences by emphasizing the impact of the story early in the article. They provide details and background not offered by most TV and radio news casts.

TV Audiences

Passive receiver of information, frequently involved in other activities and less involved in current events.

TV Journalists

Introduces people to current events by using attention grabbing tactics.

The High Five

A method of story organization. It is a news digest to condense the most important information at the top of the story.

News

What happened? Who did something? What is new?

Impact

Why should I care? Who is affected? How? Sometimes the impact can be shown through an effective quote. Don't put the quote first.

Context

What is the history here? What happened to lead up to the news in the preceding years, months, days, minutes?

Scope

How many are affected? To what degree? Does the news have local, national, and international impact?

Edge

What's next? Where does the news go from here?

Broadcast vs. Newspaper

Newspaper: Headline attracts and the lead begins with the story.

Broadcast: The lead must do both jobs and begin the flow of information.

Mervin Block's "Writing Broadcast News"

1. don't scare off the listeners 2. don't give orders, don't tell them to listen or stay 3. don't bury a strong verb in a noun 4. don't start with "as expected" 5. don't characterize news as "good, bad, or interesting" 6. don't start with a quotation or assertion that's bold, startling, or open to question 7. put the attribution or source first 8. the best way to keep the listener is by talking to them and not at them

Use of Numbers

Write out numbers one through nine and eleven, round off numbers, write out years numerically, and ages come before the names.

Symbols or Abbreviations

DON'T USE

Names

Use full name in first reference, but only use last name in other references. (Same as print)

Convergence

Aspects of each medium combined online.

3 Ways of Collecting Information

1. Hunting- looking something up

2. Browsing- searching without specific end

3. Grazing- Most passive of the 3. Searching without a specific purpose

Spinach Journalism

Readers have only one source of news; they read the newspaper because it's "good for them".

Shovelware

Print copy shoveled or posted online without editing.

Pitfall

-Reporters who use social media must be cognizant of their roles as reporters vs. roles as private citizens.

-They usually have separate social accounts.

Public Relations

Management of communication between an organization and its internal or external publics or audiences.

Successful Public Relations

Builds and maintains good relationships between an organization and its public.

Writing

MOST IMPORTANT SKILL IN PR WRITING

PR practitioners must be able to...

Communicate information about their organizations to targeted audiences.

PR Steps

1. Identify audience

2. Determine best methods to communicate with audiences.

3. Plan and carry out communication strategies.

4. Evaluate and modify strategy

(Writing is crucial at each stage)

What not to do:

-Don't put too much spin on your stories, just release them. Journalists must be objective.

-Don't commercialize your clients products or ideas.

-Dont send useless information. If you do people stop paying attention to you.

What to do:

-Learn what your targeted journalists are looking for and in what form they want the releases.

-build and maintain solid relationships.

Steps of Creating Effective Add

-Know the target audience's characteristics.

-Choose the best channel to reach that audience.

-Draft a message designed for that channel/audience.

Demographic Information

Describes people in terms of their age, gender, education, income, occupation,and marital status

Psychographic Information

Identifies lifestyles, attitudes, and values.

3 Advertisement Tips

1. Touch on selling points

2. Sell the benefits

3. Identify the single greatest benefit to your target audience and feature it

Reversal Approach

"Something significant has been put in, left out, inverted, photographed oddly, colored wrong, talked about differently, or in some way had violence done to its ordinariness. Otherwise, if our preconceptions have been fulfilled instead of violated, we'll be looking at cliches."

Reversal allows the copywriter to capitalize on negatives or liabilities

Steps of Creating Effective Ads

-Know the target audience's characteristics.

-Choose the best channel to reach that audience.

-Draft a message designed for that channel/audience.

Demographic Information

Describes people in terms of their age, gender, education, income, occupation,and marital status

Psychographic Information

Identifies lifestyles, attitudes, and values.

3 Tips

1. Touch on selling points

2. Sell the benefits

3. Identify the single greatest benefit to your target audience and feature it

Reversal Approach

"Something significant has been put in, left out, inverted, photographed oddly, colored wrong, talked about differently, or in some way had violence done to its ordinariness. Otherwise, if our preconceptions have been fulfilled instead of violated, we'll be looking at cliches."

Reversal allows the copywriter to capitalize on negatives or liabilities

Your parents can get copies of your grades from Ohio University.

FALSE

OU Student Senate meetings are closed to the public.

FALSE

Your name, address, phone number and field of study are public records, and OU must release that information under the federal law known as FERPA.

TRUE

The Ohio General Assembly is not subject to the open meetings act. It is not covered by Ohio's open meetings law; it is covered by its own law—General Assembly Open Meetings Law.

TRUE

A public body's regular meeting agenda must be posted in advance of the meeting.

TRUE