Points to Ponder

Every question is in here, I just morphed some similar ones

Globalization

A set of processes that are increasing interactions, interdependence without borders

Pandemic - Epidemic

A worldwide outbreak of disease - A regional outbreak of disease

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on a landscape

Cartography

The art and science of making maps

GPS

Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features

Remote Sensing

A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study

GIS

A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user

Culture

The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society.

Diffusion

The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger

Contagious Diffusion

The distanve-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person

The best definition of Carl Sauer’s concept of cultural landscape

It is the outcome of interactions between humans and their natural environment

GPS Satellites and Absolute location on the surface of the earth

Twenty four specific objects transmit complex radio codes, including time signals traveling at the speed of light. you can contact at least 4 of these 24 objects at any time of the day or night

Cultural Heritage

Toponyms in SOCAL

Number of space shuttles constructed

NOT spatial analysis tradition in geography 

Examples of Cultural Landscape

historical sites, rural farmlands, urban districts, and sacred places that show the interaction between people and their environment.

A path of constant compass bearing.

A straight line on a navigation map using the Mercator projection

Equator

A ship's position is given as 0 degrees latitude and 27 degrees west longitude. We can conclude from this information that that ship is located

Reverse Hierachal Diffusion

The diffusion pattern of Walmart stores, which have spread from small towns to large cities throughout the United States, is an example of

Environmental Determinism

 The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR).

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR).

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

Agricultural Economy

Stage 2 Economy

The process of going from Stage 1 to Stage 4

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

A broad top/bottom in population pyramid

High Dependency Ratio

US Population Pyramid Shape

Rectangular

College Town Population Pyramid

Spike in middle of triangle

Military Base Population Pyramid

Bulge in middle and towards male

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Infant Mortality Rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society. 

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Zero Population Growth

A decline in the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

Cyclical Movement

Movement - for example, nomadic migration - that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally.

Periodic Movement

For example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation.

Migration

A change in residence intended to be permanent.

Migrant labor.

A common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances.

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures.

International Boundaries

Human movement involves movement across international boundaries.

Immigration

The act of a person migrating into a particular country or era.

the displacement of Africans to different continents as a result of the Atlantic Slave Trade

In the context of mass migration, the African Diaspora refers to

Gravity Model

A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them.

EG: The distance increases between two equally-sized, equally populated cities, the level of economic and culture interaction it decreases.

Internal Migration

Human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the United States.

Voluntary Migration

Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move.

5 Laws that predict the flow of migration (Ravenstein’s Laws)

1. Economic Drives

2. Step-Migration and Distance

3. Counter-Flows and Gaps

4. Demographics and Gender

5. Chain Migration and Networks

Centrifugal or Push Factor

Negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their adobe and migrate to a new location

Centripetal or Pull Factor

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas.

Distance Decay

The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction.

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Deportation

The act of the government sending a migrant out of its country and back to the migrants home country.

Types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success

This is pulled (centripetal)  by Strong Social Networks, Established Support (Resources), Familiarity, and Perceived Success, while pushed (Centrifugal)by factors like Lack of Opportunity, Discrimination, or Instability back home.

Chain Migration

A pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (i.e. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn then migrate there)

Immigration Wave

Phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination.

Wilbur Zelinsky’s Model Predictions

Migration characteristics vary with the demographic transition.

International Migration

Migration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions.

Colonization

A physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land.

Island of Development

Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure.

Russianfication

The Soviet policy to promote the diffusion of Russian culture throughout the republics of the former Soviet Union.

Guest Worker

Legal Immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term

Refugees

People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country.

Asylum

Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state.

Voluntary Repatriation

A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of the government or a non-governmental organization.

Genocide

Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethical, racial, or religious group. OR The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence.

Sanctuary Policies

Laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state.

Quotas

Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year.

Selective Immigration

Process to control immigration in which individuals with certain backgrounds (i.e. criminal records, poor health, or subversive activities) are barred from immigrating.

Custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Popular culture may cause a rapid increase in demand for certain natural resources.

Which of the following statements reflects the environmental impact of culture?

Terroir

The way the land of a place is and how that affects the taste/texture/qualities of the food grown.

Popular Culture typically…

experiences frequent changes through time and space.

Folk Culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Pop Culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Dead Language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

Language Branch

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousands of years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.

Language Family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

Language Group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary,

Lingua Franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

Logogram

A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound.

Isolated Language Example

Basque

Bulgarian

NOT a Romance Language

Peacefully / Through Agriculture

According to Colin Renfrew's research, Indo-European languages diffused across Europe

Mandarin

The language spoken by the greatest number of native speakers in the world

Vulgar Latin

A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect which was used for official documents.

Agnosticism

Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists.

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have discrete spirit and conscious life.

Denomination

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body.

Ethnic Religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Hierachal Religion

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.

Monotheism

The doctrine of or belief in the existence of only one God.

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

Polytheism

Belief in or worship of more than one god.

Sect

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

Universalizing Religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

Apartheid

The racist laws that divided South Africans were known as