UCLA Psych 150 Final Exam New Material (Robles)

Males have a _______ lifetime probability while females have a _______ lifetime probability of developing cancer.

1 in 2; 1 in 3

The top 3 most prevalent cancers in men are...

prostate, lung/bronchus, colon/rectum

The top 3 most prevalent cancers in women are...

breast, lung/bronchus, colon/rectum

Name four non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

1) Age

2) Biological sex

3) Family History

4) Ethnicity

Name five modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

1) Cholesterol

2) Hypertension

3) Diabetes

4) Smoking

5) Physical activity

(Men/Women) are generally more at risk for cardiovascular disease than (men/women).

men; women

Among people above the age of 65, (men/women) are more at risk for cardiovascular disease than (men/women).

women; men

___________________ and __________________ are the two ethnic groups with the highest mortality rates from cardiovascular disease.

1) African Americans

2) Pacific Islanders

What are the six main capabilities of cancer cells?

1) Ability to stimulate their own growth

2) Become insensitive to signals that stop growth

3) Become incapable of self-destructing

4) Develop limitless replicative potential

5) Recruit their own blood supply

6) Invade other tissues and spread

What does it mean that "all cancer is genetic, but not all cancers are inherited"?

Most cancers are due to genetic mutations that occur DURING your lifetime. It is rare for cancer to be due to germline mutations.

What is atherosclerosis?

Hardening of the arteries that provide oxygen and nutrients to the body.

What are the two mechanisms explaining how atherosclerosis leads to heart attack?

1) Unstable plaque that ruptures

2) Superficial erosion of a stable plaque

How can we prevent cardiovascular disease like atherosclerosis?

Target modifiable characteristics

What is the model for disease incidence and progression?

Incidence --> Progression --> Recurrence or Survival

How can we treat cardiovascular disease like atherosclerosis?

Cardiac rehab to strengthen heart muscle after a cardiac event (in order to open up space in arteries)

A Type C personality is someone who is...

passive, doesn't complain, and compresses emotions (denial/repression & conflict avoidance).

True or False: Across research studies, there seems to be no association between stressful life events and cancer incidence.

True

The three characteristics of a Type A personality are _______________, ______________, and _________________.

competitiveness, hostility, time urgency

What are the three components of hostility (one of the characteristics of a Type A personality)?

1) emotional (anger expression/control)

2) cognitive (cynicism/distrust)

3) behavioral (verbal/physical aggression)

Of the three types of hostility (emotional, cognitive, behavioral), which one is the only one that predicts cardiovascular disease for a Type A personality?

cognitive

What are the five components of illness representation (schemas)?

1) Identity

2) Duration

3) Consequences

4) Cause

5) Cure

What are the six components of the common sense model of illness?

1) Illness representations (schemas)

2) Coping procedures

3) Action plans

4) Monitor and appraisal

5) Symptoms

6) Heuristics (symptom interpretation)

Communication that is ______ dominant and ______ caring is the best method to increase patient adherence.

low, high

_____ dominance is associated with a patient providing more medical information.

Low

_____ dominance is associated with a patient being more inclined to agree with the physician.

High

_____ caring results in patients speaking more, being more engaged, and providing more emotional statements.

High

Name the two factors that we look at in order to classify a given method of coping.

1) Function

2) Motivation

What are the two types of functions for coping methods?

1) Problem-focused

2) Emotion-focused

What is problem-focused coping?

Doing something constructive or changing the problem in some way.

What is emotion-focused coping?

Managing the emotional experience due to the event.

What are the two types of motivation for coping methods?

1) Approach

2) Avoidance

What is the approach method of coping?

Getting into closer mental or physical contact with the situation.

What is the avoidance method of coping?

Staying away from the stressful situation mentally, physically, or both.

Successful coping is about improving the ______ between the _____________ and the ________________________.

fit, person, environment

True or False: Approach coping is most effective when you have no control over the situation.

False

According to the mice study on social isolation and tumor progression, daily stress results in ______________ levels of ____________.

higher, VEGF

According to the mice study on social isolation and tumor progression, chronic stress leads to increases in _________________________.

norepinephrine

______________________ is a beta blocker that inhibits the activity of norepinephrine, leading to a _____________ in tumor growth.

Propranolol, decrease

___________ digest surrounding tissue by spitting acid, which allows the tumor to invade and destroy cells in the surrounding tissue.

MMPs

Biomedical treatment of cancer involves...

1) Chemotherapy

2) New targeted biological therapies involving products of the immune system designed to kill cells

True or False: Women with breast cancer who receive high social support survive for longer periods of time.

True

True or False: Depression and inflammation are both risk factors for cardiovascular disease progression.

True

True or False: Inflammation plays a role in making plaques more unstable.

True

True or False: People with depression have higher levels of inflammation.

True

What are the four types of psychological interventions utilized in chronic illness?

1) Symptom-focused approaches

2) Medication adherence-focused approaches

3) Coping-focused approaches

4) Comprehensive approaches

The goal of symptom-focused approaches is to target symptoms, most commonly for ____________ and ___________________.

pain, fatigue

The goal of coping-focused psychological interventions is to help patients cope with illness and improve _________________________________.

psychological adjustment

True or False: Currently, there is substantial evidence that shows that psychological interventions promote survival.

False

According to lecture, what are the "two things we know at this point" regarding psychological intervention effects on health outcomes?

1) No consistent evidence that psychological interventions prolong survival

2) Interventions that reduce distress are more likely to improve health outcomes

According to lecture, what are the four things we need do in future research regarding psychological intervention effects on health outcomes?

1) Focus on the most distressed patients, rather all patients

2) Involve caregivers, not just patients

3) Study disadvantaged populations

4) Develop culturally adapted interventions