Feminism - A level Politics

Liberal feminist wave advocating for equal education, the right to vote, better working conditions, etc. 'There is no female mind'

What was First Wave Feminism?

Liberal feminist wave with some radical and socialist feminism. More based around need to destroy patriarchy to obtain equality with some advocating a cultural revolution

What was Second Wave Feminism?

Expanded on radical feminism seeing institutions as further entrenching the patriarchy

What was Third Wave feminism?

Based on intersectional feminism such that it has the interests of non-white and working class women as well as middle class white women

What is Fourth Wave Feminism?

The belief that women are biologically different from men (essentialism) and so women should create a superior form of culture away from men. Liberal feminists largely see this as defeatist

What is difference feminism?

The biological differences men and women assigned at birth

What is sex?

Cultural differences assigned by society towards the different genders according to gender stereotypes and societal constructs

What is gender?

The belief that sex has no bearing on gender as assigned by society and only men and the patriarchy benefit from any perceived differences between men and women

What is equality feminism?

The idea that men are seen as superior to women and are the 'first sex' and that women are the 'other' or 'second sex'

What is otherness?

Radical feminist idea that sex differences should be eliminated and children created artificially

What is androgony?

The social construct entrenched within institutions that men are the first sex

What is patriarchy?

An area of patriarchy focused on by liberal feminists who believe that the state and therefore the patriarchy can be reformed through legal equality and education

What is the public sphere?

Areas of patriarchy beyond the reach of the state focused on by radical feminists. Radical feminists believe there is no distinction between the public and private sphere and believe 'the personal is the political'

What is the private sphere?

A post-modernist concept that non-white and working-class women should be equally represented in the feminist movement

What is intersectionality?

There is a common human nature between men and women but this is stopped by social constraints

What is a shared feminist view with regard to human nature?

Differences in gender are artificially constructed and reinforced by institutions such as schools so differences in gender should be tackled through reforms such as education reforms in order to break the cycle of male superiority over women

What is the liberal feminist view on human nature?

Gender differences are pervasive throughout life and must be destroyed accordingly. This can also be seen through the creation of a female consciousness on patriarchy

What is the radical feminist view on human nature?

The inferior role of women as a gender is due to capitalism where women have become an oppressed class. This can be solved either through the abolition of capitalism or radical modification to stop women being treated as second-class labour

What is the socialist feminist view on human nature?

The state can be reformed through legislation such as constitutional and legal reforms and giving women the vote

What is the liberal feminist view on the state?

Reforms do not address the fundamental issues of the state such as issues of discrimination, exploitation and inequality

What is the radical feminist view on the state?

Society is deeply patriarchal in nature and must be driven out

What is a shared view of society by feminists?

Reform of society should take place as patriarchy is a characteristic of society but not necessarily fundamental

What is the liberal feminist view of society?

Patriarchy is the key fundamental of society and so must be removed for women to be emancipated. This can be done through a full-scale attack on cultural values in society or through the creation of a female counter-culture

What is the radical feminist view of society?

Capitalism is the key fundamental of society which drives patriarchy

What is the socialist feminist view of society?

Patriarchy is still a key fundamental of society but it does not apply equally to all women as there are other identities also undermined by society such as class and race

What is the post-modernist feminist view of society?

Women's labour is worth less than men's labour as it is often treated as a second-class form of labour leading to a pay gap and a lack of equality of opportunity

What is the shared view of the economy by feminists?

Reforms can create economic equality such as eliminating the pay gap and creating equality of opportunity

What is the liberal feminist view on the economy?

Women created a reserve army of labour of cheap labour so the destruction of capitalism will see women become equal to men

What is the socialist feminist view on the economy?

Accepting that men are different than women and these different characteristics for women are useful for society and can be superior to male characteristics

What is cultural feminism?

Liberal Feminist. Patriarchy stopped the liberation of women as it was cultural in nature creating 'the problem with no name'

What are Betty Friedan's feminist beliefs?

Gender differences are created by society which leads to the idea that women are the Other

What are Simone de Beauvoir's beliefs on human nature?

Social constraints do not affect just women from achieving true freedom and self-realisation but everyone. The nuclear family should be destroyed

What are Simone de Beauvoir's beliefs on society?

The state reinforces a culture that prevents women from expressing true freedom and identity

What are Simone de Beauvoir's beliefs on the state?

Men's domination of economic life restricts the choices open to women

What are Simone de Beauvoir's beliefs on the economy?

The biological differences between men and women are irrelevant and women can compete equally to men

What are Charlotte Perkins Gilman's beliefs on human nature?

Society has always assigned inferior roles to women

What are Charlotte Perkins Gilman's beliefs on society?

Domestic servitude of women allowed men to dominate the outside economic world

What are Charlotte Perkins Gilman's beliefs on the economy?

Women are capable of freeing themselves from male oppression through forming lesbian relationships

What are Kate Millet's beliefs on human nature?

Modern society is characterised by the patriarchy, which infests both the private and public spheres

What are Kate Millet's beliefs on society?

The state is an agent of the patriarchy

What are Kate Millet's beliefs on the state?

Quasi-socialist but not relevant to her feminism

What are Kate Millet's beliefs on the economy?

Women's consciousness is created by men

What are Sheila Rowbotham's beliefs on human nature?

Society is economically determined and reflects the dominant position of both men and capitalists

What are Sheila Rowbotham's beliefs on society?

State is the servant of capitalism. There should be two revolutions to overcome patriarchy

What are Sheila Rowbotham's beliefs on the state?

Women are a reserve army of labour

What are Sheila Rowbotham's beliefs on the economy?

Women have multiple identities and so suffer oppression on multiple fronts

What are bell hooks' beliefs on human nature?

Society is full of complex relationships between different minorities and so love between multiple cultures must be established

What are bell hooks' beliefs on society?

The state is dominated by white males and reinforces their dominant position in society

What are bell hooks' beliefs on the state?

Feminists should focus on working class women as much as middle class women

What are bell hooks' beliefs on the economy?

The Second Sex

What is de Beauvoir's main work?

Feminism is for Everybody

What is hooks' main work?

Women's Consciousness, Men's World

What is Rowbotham's main work?

Women and Economics

What is Charlotte Perkins Gilman's main work?

Sexual Politics

What is Kate Millet's main work?