FRFR Ap pysch unit 5

Health Psychology

A field of psychology that studies how behavior, mental processes, and social factors affect physical health and wellness + ex. A psychologist studies how stress affects heart disease.

Stress

A physical and psychological response to perceived threats or challenges that can increase vulnerability to illness and disease + ex. Feeling anxious and tense before a major exam.

Hypertension

A chronic condition of elevated blood pressure that can be worsened by prolonged stress + ex. A person develops high blood pressure after years of work stress.

Immune Suppression

A weakened immune system response, which can result from long-term exposure to stress + ex. Someone gets sick frequently during a stressful semester.

Stressors

Events or situations that trigger a stress response, ranging from minor annoyances to major life events + ex. Deadlines and arguments can act as stressors.

Daily Hassles

Minor, everyday stressors such as traffic or homework that can accumulate and impact well-being + ex. Getting stuck in traffic every morning.

Significant Life Changes

Major life events (positive or negative), like moving or losing a job, that require adjustment and can cause stress + ex. Starting at a new school creates stress.

Catastrophes

Large-scale, unpredictable events (e.g., natural disasters) that create intense stress for many people + ex. A hurricane causes fear and trauma in a community.

Eustress

A positive form of stress that can motivate individuals to perform or grow + ex. Excitement before a sports competition improves performance.

Distress

A negative form of stress that can impair functioning and well-being + ex. Constant stress causes someone to lose sleep.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Stressful or traumatic events during childhood that impact lifelong health and development + ex. Experiencing abuse during childhood affects adult mental health.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A model describing the body's three-stage response to stress + ex. A student first panics, then adapts, then burns out during finals week.

Alarm Reaction Phase

The initial stage of the stress response involving activation of the fight-flight-freeze system + ex. Your heart races after hearing a loud noise.

Resistance Phase

The stage in which the body attempts to adapt and cope with the stressor + ex. A student continues functioning during a stressful school semester.

Exhaustion Phase

The final stage where resources are depleted, increasing risk of illness + ex. Chronic stress leads to burnout and illness.

Fight-Flight-Freeze Response

The body’s automatic reaction preparing to confront, escape, or freeze in response to threat + ex. Someone freezes when startled by danger.

Tend-and-Befriend Theory

A stress response involving nurturing others and seeking social support + ex. A parent comforts family members during a crisis.

Problem-Focused Coping

Managing stress by directly addressing the cause + ex. Creating a study schedule to reduce exam stress.

Emotion-Focused Coping

Managing stress by regulating emotional responses + ex. Meditating to calm anxiety.

Positive Psychology

A field focused on promoting well-being, resilience, and fulfillment + ex. Researchers study habits that increase happiness.

Subjective Well-Being

Self-reported evaluation of happiness and life satisfaction + ex. Someone rates their life as satisfying and meaningful.

Resilience

The ability to recover and adapt in the face of adversity + ex. A student rebounds after failing a test.

Posttraumatic Growth

Positive psychological change after struggling with trauma + ex. Someone becomes more appreciative of life after surviving an accident.

Positive Emotions

Feelings like joy and love that enhance well-being + ex. Spending time with friends creates happiness.

Gratitude

Appreciating the good in life to improve well-being + ex. Writing in a gratitude journal every night.

Signature Strengths & Virtues

Core traits that increase happiness and purpose when used + ex. Using creativity to solve problems brings fulfillment.

Virtues (Categories)

Moral qualities including wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence + ex. Showing courage by standing up for someone.

Psychological Disorder

A pattern of behavior or mental processes causing dysfunction, distress, or deviation from norms + ex. Severe anxiety interferes with daily life.

Dysfunction

Impairment in psychological functioning + ex. Depression makes it hard to go to work or school.

Distress (Disorder Context)

Emotional suffering linked to a disorder + ex. Panic attacks cause intense fear and discomfort.

Deviation from Social Norm

Behavior differing from cultural expectations + ex. Talking to unseen people in public.

Diagnosis

Identifying a disorder based on symptoms + ex. A therapist diagnoses major depressive disorder after evaluation.

Stigma

Negative attitudes toward individuals with mental illness + ex. Someone avoids therapy because they fear judgment.

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

Manual used to diagnose mental disorders + ex. Psychologists use the DSM to classify disorders.

ICD (International Classification of Diseases)

WHO manual for classifying disorders + ex. Doctors use the ICD for medical diagnoses worldwide.

Eclectic Approach

Using techniques from multiple psychological perspectives + ex. A therapist combines CBT and humanistic therapy.

Behavioral Perspective of Mental Disorders

Disorders result from learned behaviors + ex. A phobia develops after a traumatic experience.

Psychodynamic Perspective of Mental Disorders

Disorders stem from unconscious conflicts + ex. Childhood conflicts influence adult anxiety.

Humanistic Perspective of Mental Disorders

Disorders arise from blocked personal growth + ex. Lack of self-acceptance contributes to depression.

Cognitive Perspective of Mental Disorders

Disorders result from distorted thinking + ex. Negative thought patterns contribute to depression.

Sociocultural Perspective of Mental Disorders

Disorders influenced by social and cultural factors + ex. Poverty increases stress-related disorders.

Biological Perspective of Mental Disorders

Disorders caused by genetics and brain processes + ex. Depression linked to neurotransmitter imbalance.

Biopsychosocial Model

Disorders arise from biological, psychological, and social interactions + ex. Anxiety results from genetics, thoughts, and stressful environments.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Disorders develop from predisposition plus stress + ex. A person with genetic risk develops depression after trauma.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Disorders beginning in childhood involving developmental impairments + ex. ADHD affects attention and behavior in children.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Disorder involving inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity + ex. A student struggles to stay seated or focused in class.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Disorder involving social communication deficits and repetitive behaviors + ex. A child avoids eye contact and repeats routines.

Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders

Disorders involving disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior + ex. A person hears voices and has disorganized speech.

Delusions

False beliefs despite evidence + ex. Believing the government is spying on you without proof.

Hallucinations

False sensory experiences + ex. Hearing voices that are not there.

Disorganized Thinking or Speech

Illogical or incoherent communication + ex. Jumping between unrelated ideas while speaking.

Word Salad

Severely disorganized, meaningless speech + ex. A sentence combines unrelated random words.

Disorganized Motor Behavior

Unusual or purposeless movements + ex. Repeatedly pacing in strange patterns.

Catatonia

Extreme motor disturbance (immobility or agitation) + ex. Remaining motionless for hours.

Stupor

Near-unresponsiveness to environment + ex. A person does not respond to voices or movement.

Negative Symptoms

Loss of normal functions like emotion or motivation + ex. A person shows little emotional expression.

Positive Symptoms

Presence of abnormal behaviors like hallucinations + ex. Seeing things that are not real.

Flat Affect

Lack of emotional expression + ex. Speaking in a monotone voice without facial expressions.

Schizophrenia Causes

Combination of genetic, brain, and environmental factors + ex. Family history and stress contribute to schizophrenia.

Depressive Disorders

Disorders involving persistent sadness and loss of interest + ex. Someone no longer enjoys favorite hobbies.

Major Depressive Disorder

Severe depression lasting at least two weeks + ex. A person feels hopeless and loses energy for weeks.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Chronic, less severe depression + ex. Mild depression continues for years.

Bipolar Disorders

Disorders involving mood swings between depression and mania + ex. Someone alternates between extreme sadness and high energy.

Mania

Elevated mood and increased activity or energy + ex. A person sleeps very little and feels unusually powerful.

Bipolar I Disorder

Disorder with at least one full manic episode + ex. A person experiences severe mania requiring hospitalization.

Bipolar II Disorder

Disorder with hypomania and depression + ex. Someone experiences mild mania followed by depression.

Anxiety Disorders

Disorders involving excessive fear and anxiety + ex. Constant worrying interferes with daily life.

Specific Phobia

Irrational fear of a specific object or situation + ex. Fear of spiders causes panic.

Agoraphobia

Fear of situations where escape is difficult + ex. Someone avoids crowded malls.

Panic Disorder

Recurrent panic attacks and fear of future attacks + ex. A person fears leaving home after repeated panic attacks.

Ataque de Nervios

Culture-bound syndrome with intense emotional distress + ex. Someone screams and cries uncontrollably after family conflict.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Fear of social judgment + ex. A student avoids presentations due to fear of embarrassment.

Taijin Kyofusho

Fear of offending others in social situations + ex. Someone fears making others uncomfortable with eye contact.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Persistent excessive worry + ex. Constant anxiety about school, health, and finances.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Disorder with intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors + ex. Repeatedly washing hands to reduce anxiety.

Hoarding Disorder

Difficulty discarding possessions leading to clutter + ex. A home becomes filled with unused items.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders involving disruptions in identity or memory + ex. Trauma causes memory loss or identity confusion.

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall personal information + ex. A person forgets details after a traumatic event.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Multiple distinct identities + ex. Different personalities take control at different times.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Disorder involving flashbacks and anxiety after trauma + ex. A veteran relives combat experiences.

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder involving restricted intake and fear of weight gain + ex. Someone refuses food despite being underweight.

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder involving bingeing and compensatory behaviors + ex. A person binge eats and then purges.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

Odd or eccentric behaviors + ex. Someone behaves suspiciously and avoids others.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Distrust and suspicion of others + ex. Believing coworkers are plotting against you.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Lack of interest in social relationships + ex. Preferring isolation over friendships.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Odd beliefs and social anxiety + ex. Believing in magical powers and avoiding people.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Dramatic or erratic behaviors + ex. Extreme emotional reactions and impulsive behavior.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Disregard for others’ rights + ex. Repeated lying and manipulation without guilt.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Attention-seeking and emotionality + ex. Constantly seeking approval through dramatic behavior.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Instability in relationships and emotions + ex. Rapid mood swings and fear of abandonment.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Anxious or fearful behaviors + ex. Extreme dependence and fearfulness.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy + ex. Avoiding friendships due to fear of rejection.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Excessive reliance on others + ex. Needing constant reassurance before decisions.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

Perfectionism and need for control + ex. Spending hours organizing objects perfectly.

Deinstitutionalization

Movement from mental hospitals to community care + ex. Patients receive treatment in outpatient clinics instead of institutions.

Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques

Methods focusing on unconscious conflicts + ex. A therapist explores childhood experiences.

Free Association

Saying thoughts freely to reveal unconscious ideas + ex. A client says whatever comes to mind during therapy.

Dream Analysis

Interpreting dreams to uncover hidden meanings + ex. A therapist analyzes recurring dreams.

Cognitive Therapy Techniques

Methods for changing negative thought patterns + ex. Challenging irrational beliefs during therapy.

Cognitive Restructuring

Replacing irrational thoughts with healthier ones + ex. Changing “I always fail” to “I can improve.”