FINAL EXAM REVIEW — HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

These flashcards cover key concepts in human development, focusing on theories, stages of growth, and societal influences.

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature refers to genetics and biology, while nurture refers to environment and experiences.

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

A theory that suggests behavior is driven by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

The concept that we learn by observing and imitating others.

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

The first cognitive stage (0–2 years) where babies think through senses and actions.

Object Permanence

Understanding that objects still exist even when they cannot be seen.

Egocentrism

A feature of the Preoperational Stage (2–7 years) where children cannot see others’ perspectives.

Conservation

The understanding that quantity does not change despite changes in shape or appearance.

Assimilation

The process of fitting new information into an existing schema.

Accommodation

The process of changing schemas to fit new information.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to testing theories through observation and experimentation.

Naturalistic Observation

Watching subjects in their natural environment without interference.

Reproductive Cells

Male sperm and female ovum each carrying 23 chromosomes.

Teratogen

Any substance that can harm a developing fetus.

SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, the unexplained death of an infant during sleep.

Erikson’s Infant Stage

The stage characterized by trust vs. mistrust.

Positive Discipline

Teaching, guiding, and explaining instead of punishing.

Time-Out

A calming strategy used to help children reset their emotions.

Bandura on Aggression

The belief that aggression is learned by observing others.

Learning Disability

A focus in one area despite normal intelligence.

Binet Test

The most widely used intelligence test measuring mental age against chronological age.

Mainstreaming

Integrating children with disabilities into regular classrooms.

Blended Family

A family formed when adults marry or cohabitate, combining children from previous relationships.

Primary vs. Secondary Sex Characteristics

Primary: reproductive organs; Secondary: physical changes such as breasts and voice.

Growth Spurt

A rapid increase in height and weight during puberty.

Anorexia

An eating disorder characterized by extreme food restriction.

Bulimia

An eating disorder involving binge eating followed by purging.

Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson’s final stage of psychosocial development.

Empty Nest Syndrome

Sadness experienced when children leave home.

Burnout

A state of chronic stress leading to exhaustion and low motivation.

Functional vs. Brain vs. Legal Death

Functional: no heartbeat; Brain: no brain activity; Legal: varies by law.

Five Stages of Dying

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.

Passive Euthanasia

Letting die by withholding treatment.

Active Euthanasia

Taking action to directly cause death.

Hospice Care

Comfort-focused care for terminally ill patients.

Grief

The emotional feeling of loss, which can persist over time.