Human Biology: Chapters 9, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 24 Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of practice questions covering immune system defenses, cancer classification, genetic inheritance, biotechnology tools, and evolutionary principles.

What are the four primary signs of the inflammatory response?

Redness, warmth, swelling, and pain.

Which class of antibody is the most prevalent in the blood and is capable of crossing the placenta to protect a fetus?

$$IgG$$

What is the difference between an endemic disease and a pandemic disease?

An endemic disease is always present in a population, whereas a pandemic affects many people around the world.

How is a malignant tumor defined in the context of cancer?

A tumor that invades normal tissue and compromises organ function, often undergoing metastasis.

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes in a normal cell?

They act as "brakes" to inhibit unchecked cell growth, division, and differentiation.

Define the term "homozygous."

Possessing two identical alleles at a particular locus on a chromosome.

In genetics, what is the phenotypic result of a person with the genotype $Hh$ in the context of familial hypercholesterolemia?

Blood cholesterol levels that are $2 imes$ to $3 imes$ higher than normal.

What chromosomal abnormality is associated with Jacob syndrome?

$$XYY$$

Where does fertilization typically take place in the human female reproductive system?

In the upper third of the oviduct.

What is the function of pulmonary surfactants during the transition from fetus to newborn?

They are necessary for the alveoli to expand and fill with air during the first breath.

In the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system, what is the specific role of the Cas9 protein?

It acts as the component that cuts both strands of the targeted DNA.

What determines which specific sequence of DNA is amplified during a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

The primers.

What are vestigial structures in the context of evolution?

Body structures that no longer have a function but are homologous to structures in other organisms, such as the human coccyx.

According to the transcript, how similar is the human cytochrome C protein to that of a chimpanzee?

They are identical ($104$ amino acids).

What is the "bottleneck effect" in genetic drift?

A phenomenon where a major catastrophe wipes out a large proportion of a population, resulting in a remnant population with different allele frequencies than the original.

What are the three most abundant gases in Earth's atmosphere?

Nitrogen gas ($N_2$) at approximately $79$%, Oxygen gas ($O_2$) at nearly $21$%, and Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) at $0.03$%.

Why is the stratospheric ozone layer critical for life on Earth?

It shields the Earth's surface from harmful UV radiation.

What is biological magnification?

The process by which the concentration of toxic pollutants becomes higher in the tissues of organisms located higher on the food chain.