AP Pscyh Unit 9 Real

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations.

Attribution Theory

The theory that explains how individuals interpret and explain behaviors, either by attributing them to internal dispositions or external situations.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overemphasize internal characteristics and underestimate external factors when explaining others' behaviors.

Actor-Observer Bias

The tendency to attribute our actions to external factors while attributing others' actions to internal factors.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors but negative outcomes to external factors.

False Consensus Effect

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

Halo Effect

The tendency to generalize a positive impression of a person based on one positive characteristic.

Spotlight Effect

The belief that others are paying more attention to our actions and appearance than they really are.

Attitude

A learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way, which influences behavior.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Persuasion that occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, like a speaker's attractiveness.

Central Route Persuasion

Persuasion that occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Role

A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The theory that we act to reduce discomfort when our thoughts and behaviors are inconsistent.

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A model explaining how attitudes are changed and formed through different routes of persuasion.

Norms

Rules for accepted and expected behavior within a group.

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Normative Social Influence

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Informational Social Influence

Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Social Desirability Bias

The tendency to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than truthfully.

Social Facilitation

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Social Loafing

The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group.

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Group Polarization

The enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group.

Groupthink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Culture

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people.

Prejudice

An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.

Stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people.

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Just-World Phenomenon

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve.

Ingroup

"Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity.

Outgroup

those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup.

Ingroup Bias

The tendency to favor one's own group.

Scapegoat Theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Other-Race Effect

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Frustration-Aggression Principle

The principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Social Script

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Mere Exposure Effect

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Passionate Love

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Compassionate Love

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Equity

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give.

Self-Disclosure

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Bystander Effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Social Exchange Theory

A theory that posits individuals evaluate relationships based on costs and benefits, aiming to maximize rewards and minimize costs.

Social Facilitation

The tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when in the presence of others.

Social Inhibition

The tendency for individuals to limit their behavior in the presence of others.

Reciprocity Norm

Expectation to return favors or kindness received from others. It fosters social connections and promotes cooperation in society.

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas leading to hostility or opposition between individuals or groups.

Social Trap

A situation where individuals pursue their own self-interest, leading to a collective outcome that is detrimental to the group as a whole.

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Mutual misperceptions where each side sees itself as moral and peaceful, and the other as aggressive and immoral.

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

When a belief leads to actions that cause the belief to come true. It can create a cycle of reinforcing behaviors and outcomes.

Superordinate Goals

Broad objectives that encompass and align with the goals of multiple individuals or groups, promoting cooperation and unity towards a common purpose.

GRIT

refers to a combination of passion and perseverance towards long-term goals.

Diffusion of responsibility

People feel less accountable for their actions when others are present, leading to a decreased likelihood of taking action or responsibility in a group setting.

Prisoners Dilemma

A scenario in game theory where individuals must decide whether to cooperate or betray each other, often leading to a situation where mutual cooperation would be beneficial, but individual betrayal seems advantageous.

Conflict Resolution

The process of addressing and resolving disputes or disagreements between parties through identification of the underlying issues, exploring potential solutions, and reaching a mutually acceptable agreement.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture, often resulting in the belief that one's own culture is superior and leading to biases and prejudices against other cultures.