stuff i need to review for boards/self quizzes

• ischemic heart disease

• hypertension

• aortic and mitral valvular disease

• myocardial disease

four causes of left-sided heart failure

• left sided heart failure

• cor pulmonale

• pulmonary hypertension

• chronic lung disease

four causes of right sided heart failure

• pulmonary stenosis

• right ventricular hypertrophy

• overriding aorta

• ventricular septal defect

tetralogy of Fallot

2 years

gen surg path and non-forensic autopsy retention period of accession log/maintenance and QA records

2 weeks after final report

gen surg path retention period of wet tissue

3 months after final report

non-forensic autopsy retention period of wet tissue

10 years

gen surg path and non-forensic autopsy retention period of paraffin blocks

10 years

gen surg path and non-forensic autopsy retention period of slides

10 years

gen surg path and non-forensic autopsy retention period of final reports

1 year

forensic autopsy retention period of wet tissue

indefinitely

forensic autopsy retention period of paraffin blocks/slides/reports

indefinitely

forensic autopsy retention period of gross photographs

indefinitely

forensic autopsy retention period of accession logs

1 year

forensic autopsy retention period of body fluids for toxicology

indefinitely

forensic autopsy retention period of rep. tissue suitable for DNA analysis

Turner syndrome – 45X

streak ovaries, short stature lymphedema of neck hands and feet, hypogonadism in females

Klinefelter syndrome - 47XXY

leading cause of male infertility, male hypogonadism

Trisomy 21 - Down syndrome

Congenital heart defects, Simian crease, mental retardation, predisposition to leukemia

Trisomy 18 - Edwards syndrome

overlapping fingers, renal malformations, rocker-bottom feet, prominent occiput

Trisomy 13 - Patau syndrome

polydactyly, cleft lip and palate, renal defects, microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet

Niemann-Pick disease

Sphingomyelinase deficiency, extensive neurologic involvement, progressive wasting and early death

Gaucher disease

glucocerebrosidase deficiency, most common storage disease, “______ cells” are found in spleen liver and bone marrow.

Tay-Sachs disease

hexosaminidase deficiency, cherry red spot on retina, motor and mental deterioration, common in people with Eastern European origins

Marfan syndrome

Disorder of connective tissue (fibrillin), tall stature, long tapering fingers, increased risk of aortic dissections and mitral valve prolapse

funisitis

Inflammation/infection of the umbilical cord

accreta

Partial of complete absence of decidua with adherence of the placenta directly to myometrium

succenturiate lobe

accessory lobe of placenta

circummarginate placenta

Placenta extrachorialis with a flat transition from villous to membranous chorion

circumvallate placenta

Placenta extrachorialis with a folded or rolled transition from villous to membranous chorion

placental infarct

Ischemic necrosis of placenta villi

placental abruption

Hemorrhage into the deciduas with separation and compression of the placenta

velamentous insertion

The cord and umbilical vessels insert into the membrane

amnion nodosum

Slightly raised round plaques with a shiny surface that leave a depression when picked off

squamous metaplasia of the amnion

Raised gray/white plaques which can only be dislodged with difficulty

false knot

Local dilatation of umbilical vessels or masses of Wharton’s jelly.

chorioamnionitis

inflammation of the fetal membranes

CA 125

special stain for epithelial ovarian cancer

PSA

special stain for prostate cancer

AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)

special stain for hepatocellular CA and germ cell cancers of the ovary and testes

CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)

special stain for colorectal CA

Her2/Neu/ER

special stains for breast CA (3)

calcitonin

special stain for thyroid medullary CA

chromogranin A

special stain for neuroendocrine tumors

cytokeratin 20

special stain for MCC

HCG

special stain for gestational trophoblastic tumors and some germ cell tumors

thyroglobulin

special stain for thyroid cancers and thyroid disease

S-100

special stain for melanoma

scale

Dry, horn-like, platelike excrescence; usually the result of imperfect cornification

lichenification

Thickened and rough skin characterized by prominent skin markings; usually the result of repeated rubbing in susceptible persons

excoriation

A traumatic lesion characterized by breakage of the epidermis, causing a raw linear areal usually due to scratching

atrial septal defect

Abnormal opening in the atrial septum (left to right shunt)

ventricular septal defect

Incomplete closure of the ventricular septum allowing a shunt from left to right ventricles (most common congenital anomaly)

patent ductus arteriosus

The ductus arteriosus remains open after birth (left to right shunt)

atrioventricular septal defect

Incomplete closure of the AV septum and inadequate formation of the tricuspid and mitral valves (left to right shunt)

transposition of the great arteries

Ventriculoarterial discordance, such that the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery emanates from the left ventricle (right to left shunt).

truncus arteriosus

A single great artery that receives blood from both ventricles, accompanied by an underlying VSD, and that gives rise to the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulations (Right to left shunt).

tricuspid atresia

Complete occlusion of the tricuspid valve orifice (right to left shunt).

coarctation of the aorta

Narrowing or constriction of the aorta. An "infantile" form with tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch proximal to a PDA and an "adult " form in which there is a discrete ridge-like infolding of the aorta, just opposite the closed ductus arteriosus distal to the arch vessels.

pulmonary stenosis and atresia

Obstruction at the pulmonary valve either as an isolate defect or as part of a more complex anomaly.

ligamentum arteriosum

what does the ductus arteriosus become shortly after birth

fossa ovalis

what does the foramen ovale become after birth

round ligament

what does the umbilical vein become after birth

ligamentum venosum

what does the ductus venosus become after birth

medial umbilical ligament

what does the umbilical artery become after birth

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1988 (CLIA)

A law passed in 1988 that established quality testing for all laboratory testing to ensure accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of patient test results.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

A government department responsible for regulation relating to general workplace safety and protecting the health of US workers.

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)

A voluntary organization that accredits more than 80% of US healthcare organizations. The testing standards focus on quality improvement and are designed to promote quality outcomes.

The Laboratory Accreditation Program of the College of American Pathologists (LAP-CAP)

A voluntary accreditation program that accredits only laboratory testing sites and not the entire healthcare organization. Their philosophy is "that all clinical laboratory testing needs to adhere to the same requirements" and all testing is inspected.

Commission of Office Laboratory Accreditation (COLA)

An organization that initially focused on accrediting physician office laboratories. Today they accredit many other types of test sites including those in small hospitals. Their philosophy is one of education and problem solving.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

The US agency charged with tracking and investigating public health trends. Their stated mission is "To promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury and disability."

American Association of Pathologists' Assistants (AAPA)

A not-for-profit volunteer organization of allied health practitioners dedicated to the advocacy and advancement of the pathologists' assistant profession.

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)

The world's largest professional membership organization for pathologists and laboratory professionals. Their mission is to provide excellence in education, certification and advocacy on behalf of patients, pathologists and laboratory professionals.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

The primary goal of this act was to make it easier to detect and prosecute fraud and abuse and enable workers of all professions to change jobs without loss or interruption of health insurance protection. Safeguarding patient privacy with respect to health related information was a paramount concern.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

A federal agency responsible for monitoring trading and safety standards in the food and drug industries.

National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Science (NAACLS)

The international agency for accreditation and approval of educational programs in the clinical laboratory sciences and related health professions.

glioma

Tumors derived from glial cells including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas.

astrocytoma

The most common category of glioma tumors which can be well differentiated or less differentiated.

oligodendroglioma

5% to 15% of gliomas. Most common in the fourth and fifth decades found mostly in the cerebral hemispheres with a predilection for white matter.

glioblastoma

A less differentiated of high grade astrocytomas with necrosis and vascular or endothelial cell proliferation.

medulloblastoma

A tumor found predominantly in children and exclusively in the cerebellum. The tumor is often largely undifferentiated.

meningioma

Predominantly benign tumors of adults, usually attached to the dura, that arise from the meningothelial cell of the arachnoid.

metastatic tumors to the brain

Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney, GI tract.

schwannoma

Tumors that arise from the Schwann cell and are associated with neurofibromatosis type 2. They cause local compression of the involved nerve or adjacent structures.

neurofibroma

Benign nerve sheath tumor occurring sporadically or in association with neurofibromatosis type 1. The most common form occurs in the skin (cutaneous neurofibroma) or in the peripheral nerve (solitary neurofibroma).

tuberous sclerosis

An autosomal-dominant syndrome characterized by the development of hamartomas and benign neoplasms involving the brain and other tissues.

• hematuria

• proteinuria

• hypertension

• oliguria

nephritic syndrome (4)

• proteinuria

• hypoalbuminemia

• hyperlipiedmia

• lipiduria

• edema

nephrotic syndrome (5)