GEOGRAPHIC SKILLS Lecture Notes

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering geographic skills, population dynamics, economic theories, and physical geology based on lecture notes.

Social / culture

Refers to geography related to religion and language.

Economic (Geography)

Relates to resources and trade.

Demographical

Relates to age groups in an area.

Spatial

Refers to location and arrangement.

Political map

Shows Borders and Cities.

Physical map

Shows Mountains, rivers, and forests.

Roadmap

Shows Roads, Highways, and Airports.

Special purpose / Thematic map

Shows different regions colorized by categories.

Topographic map

Shows elevations and contour lines.

Mercator

A map projection that is accurate for navigation but shows areas distorted near the poles.

Robinson

A map projection that looks rounded, binds lines along edges, and is more accurate.

Site

The exact physical location.

Situation

The location in relation to natural features or other places.

GPS

A satellite system used for locating data.

GIS

A computer system that analyzes geographic information.

Remote sensing

A geotechnology mentioned as a method of gathering geographic data.

Foreign Aid

Money a country gives to another in poverty voluntarily.

UN Aid Target

The United Nations says countries should give $0.7\%$ of national income.

NGOs

Not for profit organizations.

SDG 16

Justice and Peace; considered the hardest universal call to action.

SDG 7

Clean Energy; considered the easiest universal call to action.

Stage 1 DTM (High stationary)

Characterized by agriculture, a lack of planning, no resources, and no countries currently in this stage.

Stage 2 DTM (Early expanding)

Characterized by birth rates holding while death rates start to fall; examples include Yemen, Bolivia, and Afghanistan.

Stage 3 DTM (Low expanding)

Social status for women changes and standard of living increases; examples include South Africa, UAE, and Mexico.

Stage 4 DTM (Late expanding)

The population is stable with a good quality of life; examples include India, France, UK, and Spain.

Stage 5 DTM (Declining)

Characterized by low birth and death rates, good healthcare, and later marriages; Japan is close to this stage.

Census

An official survey of the population taken every $5$ years that records details on individuals to allow for planning.

Immigrations

The act of moving to settle.

Migration

The movement of people.

Emmigration

To leave your country to settle.

Push factor

A factor that drives people away from a location.

Pull factor

A factor that attracts people to a location.

Ravenstein’s Migration laws

A set of rules stating most people go short distances, major causes are economic, and migration increases as industries develop.

Hierarchical Diffusion

An idea that comes from a higher place, such as oversized jackets from the Kardashians.

Stimulus Diffusion

Specific traits are rejected but the underlying idea is taken, such as McDonald's around the world.

Contagious Diffusion

A wave-like spread of ideas, such as Facebook.

LDC

Less developed country.

MDC

More developed country with more money and technology.

Weber’s least cost theory

A theory explaining how market access and proximity to customers influence the location of industries.

Agglomeration

The clustering of similar industries to save and share resources for minimum cost and maximum profit.

Environmental Racism

Placement of toxic waste facilities or polluting industries in or near marginalized communities, such as Africville or Grassy Narrows.

Renewable Sources

Better for the environment, can be naturally replenished, but more expensive; examples include Solar and Hydro.

Nonrenewable Sources

Limited resources that are less expensive but contribute to climate change; example is Nuclear.

Precambrian Era

Occurred from $4.6 \text{ B to } 542 \text{ M ya}$ and featured single cell organisms.

Paleozoic Era

Occurred from $542 \text{ M to } 250 \text{ M ya}$ and included the Cambrian explosion of ocean animals and invertebrates.

Mesozoic Era

Occurred from $250 \text{ M to } 65 \text{ M ya}$ and featured dinosaurs and hominid earth.

Cenozoic Era

Occurred from $65 \text{ M}$ to the present; known as the final era.

Crust

Made of rock and soil; thickness is $5\text{--}10\text{ km}$ under the ocean and $30\text{--}70\text{ km}$ on land.

Mantle

A layer of magma $2000\text{ km}$ thick with temperatures between $1000^\circ\text{C to } 3700^\circ\text{C}$.

Outer core

A layer of liquid iron and nickel $2256\text{ km}$ thick with temperatures between $4600^\circ\text{C to } 5000^\circ\text{C}$.