BIO-210 Lecture Slides (In-Person)

Properties common to all Organisms

1) Organization

2) Metabolism

3) Growth & Development

4) Responsiveness

5) Regulation

6) Reproduction

Hint: OMG-RRR

1) Organization

• All organisms exhibit complex organization & order

2) Metabolism

• The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body

• 2 types of metabolism:

1) Anabolism

2) Catabolism

Anabolism

• Small molecules joined to form larger ones

• “build/grow”

Catabolism

• Large molecules broken down into smaller ones

Example of anabolism and catabolism going hand-in-hand

Eating a burger:

• Catabolism: breaking down a burger

• Anabolism: amino acids used to make protein

3) Growth & Development

• Assimilate materials from the environment

• Often increase in size

• Increase in specialization

Side note: as we grow, we become more complex

4) Responsiveness

• The ability to sense and react to stimuli

• ex: a hot stimulus to the hands causes a person to withdraw

5) Regulation

• Adjust internal bodily function to environment changes

• Directly tied to homeostasis

6) Reproduction

• Produce new cells for growth, maintenance, & repair

• W/sex cells (gametes), can develop into new organisms

Simplest to Most Complex

1) Chemical Level

2) Cellular Level

3) Tissue Level

4) Organ Level

5) Organ System Level

6) Organismal level

side note: these function together to form the next (physiology & anabolism)

1) Chemical Level

• Involves atoms and molecules

- atoms: smallest units of matter

- molecules: one or more combined atoms

• Macromolecules

- more complex molecules

- e.g., proteins, DNA

• Organelles

- microscopic subunits in cells composed of macromolecules

2) Cellular Level

• Consists of cells (smallest living structures)

- basic units of structure + function in organisms

- vary widely in structure, reflecting specializations needed:

- e.g., skeletal muscle cell: long, red blood cells: small +flattened

• Formed from atoms + molecules from the chemical level

3) Tissue Level

• Consists of tissues (groups of similar cells performing common functions)

• 4 types of tissues:

- epithelial tissue

- connective tissue

- muscle tissue

- nervous tissue

Epithelial Tissue

• Covers exposed surfaces

• Lines body cavities

• Note: “Boarders” (can’t come inside)(ex: mouth cavities, skin)

Connective Tissue

• Protects, supports, & binds structures and organs

• Note: “everything else tissue”

Muscle Tissue

• Produces movement

• Note: moves (muscles move us + moves things through us)

Nervous Tissue

• Conducts nerve impulses

• Note: electrical system of body (like computer, sending impulses through our system)

4) Organ Level

• Consists of organs

• Two or more tissue types performing specific functions

- 2 or more tissue types needed to form an organ

• ex: small intestine composed of all 4 types of tissue, working to process + absorb digested nutrients

5) Organ System Level

• Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function

• e.g., organs of the digestive system: work together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products

The Body’s Levels of Organization:

Introduction to Organ Systems

All organisms must do what to carry on metabolism?

Exchange nutrients, wastes, & gases.

Why do multicellular organisms require organ systems?

To perform multiple activities

In humans: how many organ systems are there, what are they?

11 Organ Systems:

1) Integumentary System

2) Skeletal System

3) Muscular System

4) Nervous System

5)Endocrine System

6) Cardiovascular System

7) Lymphatic System

8) Respiratory system

9) Urinary System

10) Digestive System

11) Male & Female Reproductive System

1) Integumentary System ( 6 bullet points)

• Provides protection

• Regulates body temp

• Houses cutaneous receptors (nerve endings)

• Synthesizes vitamin D (only vitamin our skin can make)

• Prevents water loss

• Integumentary = fancy word for skin

2) Skeletal System (3 bullet points)

• Provides support + protection

• Site for blood cell production

• Stores calcium & phosphorus

3) Muscular System (2 bullet points)

• Produces body movement

• Generates heat

4) Nervous System

• Controls body movement

• Responsible for:

- consciousness

- intelligence

- memory

- judgement

5) Endocrine System

• Secretes hormones

- hormones: perform a variety of functions

6) Cardiovascular System

• Moves blood through blood vessels to distribute: gases, hormones and pick up waste produce

7) Lymphatic System

• Transports and filters lymph

• Participates in immune response

• drainage system/gutters

8) Respiratory System

• Responsible for exchange of gases between: blood + air

9) Urinary System

• Filters blood

• Removes waste products

• Expels urine

10) Digestive System

• Digests food materials

• Absorbs nutrients

• Expels waste products

11) Male Reproductive System

• Produces male sex cells + hormones

• Transfers sperm to female

11) Female Reproductive System

• Produces female sex cells + hormones

• Site of fertilization & growth of embryo and fetus

Oxygenated V.S. Deoxygenated Blood

• Oxygenated (red): blood carries high levels of oxygen from lungs to metabolizing tissues

• Deoxygenated (blue): already delivered its oxygen and carries waste carbon dioxide back to the lungs

The Language of Anatomy & Physiology

Why do we not use everyday terms in A&P?

Technical terms may differ from those of everyday convo

Anatomists use what specific position of the body as a point of common reference?

Anatomic Position

Anatomic Position

• Upright Stance

• Feet Parallel + Flat on the floor

• Upper limbs at sides of body

• Palms face anteriorly (toward the front)

• Head is level

• Eyes look forward

Prone Position

• Face down

Supine Position

• Face up

The Language of Anatomy & Physiology:

Section and Planes

What are section & planes used for?

• To examine internal anatomy

• Describe relative position of body parts

Section

• Slice or cut:

- to expose internal anatomy

Plane

• Imaginary flat surface:

- passing through body

3 Major Planes

1) Coronal

2) Transverse

3) Midsagittal

1) Coronal Plane

• Vertical plane dividing body into anterior (front) & posterior (back)

• Also called “frontal plane”

2) Transverse Plane

• Horizontal plane dividing body into superior (top) & inferior (bottom)

• Also called a “cross-sectional plane”

• Note: can move

3) Midsagittal Plane

• Vertical plane, dividing the body into equal L + R halves

• Note: can’t move

Sagittal Plane

• Divides a structure into L & R structures: at any number of sites (not equal halves unlike midsagittal)

• Parallel to midsagittal

Oblique Planes

• Pass through structures @ an angle

The Language of Anatomy & Physiology:

Anatomic Directions

Directional Terms - What’s their purpose?

• Help precisely describe the relative positions of structures

Directional Terms

1) Anterior/Posterior

2) Dorsal (toward the back)/Ventral (toward the belly)

3) Proximal (nearer to the trunk)/Distal (further from the trunk)

The Language of Anatomy & Physiology:

Regional Anatomy

The human body is partitioned into what 2 main regions?

1) Axial Region

• Includes the head, neck, & trunk

• Forms the main vertical axis of the body

2) Appendicular Region

• Composed of the upper and lower limbs

• Several regions located within these main regions

The Language of Anatomy & Physiology:

Body Cavities & Membranes

Internal organs houses within enclosed spaces

• These body cavities named according to surrounding structure

• Body cavities grouped into Posterior aspect & ventral cavity

Posterior Aspect

• Contains cavities: completely encases in bone

• Physically & developmentally distinct from the ventral cavity

• Subdivided into the cranial(1) + vertebral cavity(2)

1) Cranial Cavity

• Aka "endocranium”

• Formed by bones of the cranium

• houses the brain

2) Vertebral Canal

• Formed by the bones of the vertebral column

• Houses the spinal cord

2) Ventral Cavity

• Larger, anteriorly places

• Does not completely encase organs in bone

• Partitioned: into superior thoracic cavity & an inferior abdominopelvic cavity

• Lined w/serous membranes, continues layer of cells

Serous membranes are composed of which two layers?

1) Parietal Layer

- lines internal surface of body wall

2) Visceral Layer

- covers the external surface of organs (the viscera) within that cavity

Between membranes is a potential space called?

The serous cavity

Membranes secrete serous fluid

• Liquid that serves as a lubricant

• Reduces friction caused by movement of organs against the body wall

Mediastinum

• Median space in the thoracic cavity

• Contains:

- heart

- thymus

- esophagus

- trachea

- Major blood vessels (that connect to heart)

Serous pericardium

• Two-layered serous membrane

• Sack that surrounds the heart

• Structural components:

1) Parietal pericardium

2) Visceral pericardium

3) Pericardial cavity

1) Parietal pericardium

• Outer later which forms the sac around heart

2) Visceral pericardium

• Inner layer: forms the heart’s external surface

3) Pericardial cavity

• Potential space between: parietal & visceral layers containing serous fluid

Peritoneum

• Two-layered, serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity

• Components:

1) Parietal peritoneum

2) Visceral peritoneum

3) Peritoneal cavity

1) Parietal peritoneum

• Outer layer

• Lines the internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity

2) Visceral peritoneum

• Inner layer

• Covers the external surface of most abdominal + pelvic organs

3) Peritoneal cavity

• Potential space between parietal & visceral layers containing serous fluid

Abdominopelvic cavity can be subdivided in two by?

• Horizontal plane (at level of the superior aspect of the hip bones)

• Subdivisions:

1) Abdominal cavity

2) Pelvic cavity

1) Abdominal Cavity

• Area superior to plane

• Contains most digestive system organs:

- kidneys

- most of the ureters

2) Pelvic Cavity

• Area inferior + between the hip bones

• Contains:

- distal large intestine

- remainder of ureters

- urinary bladder

- internal reproductive organs