Total Grammar For Final

What are the spelling changes for mandato verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar?

car → qu, gar → gu, zar → c

Where do pronouns go in affirmative commands?

Attached to the end

Where do pronouns go in negative commands?

Placed before the verb

How do you form tú affirmative commands?

Use the él/ella form

What are the irregular tú affirmative commands for salir, ser, tener, venir, decir, hacer, ir, poner?

sal, sé, ten, ven, di, haz, ve, pon

How do you form tú negative commands?

Go to yo form, drop -o, add -es (AR) or -as (ER/IR)

How do you say 'don't give' (dar) in tú form?

no des

How do you say 'don't go' (ir) in tú form?

no vayas

How do you say 'don't be' (ser) in tú form?

no seas

How do you form usted commands?

Go to yo form, drop -o, add -e (AR) or -a (ER/IR)

How do you form ustedes commands?

Go to yo form, drop -o, add -en (AR) or -an (ER/IR)

How do you form nosotros commands?

Go to yo form, drop -o, add -emos (AR) or -amos (ER/IR)

Which verbs have stem changes in nosotros commands?

Only -ir verbs

When is the preterite used?

Completed actions or specific past events

What are common preterite time clues?

ayer, anteayer, una vez, el año pasado, de repente

What are the AR endings in preterite (yo)?

-é

What are the AR endings in preterite (tú)?

-aste

What are the ER/IR endings in preterite (yo)?

-í

What are the ER/IR endings in preterite (ellos)?

-ieron

Name 5 irregular preterite verbs.

Poder, Tener, Hacer, Decir, Venir

What is the preterite of poder (yo)?

pude

What is the preterite of tener (yo)?

tuve

What is the preterite of hacer (yo)?

hice

What is the preterite of decir (yo)?

dije

What is the preterite of venir (yo)?

vine

What does conocer mean in preterite?

to meet

What does saber mean in preterite?

to find out

What does querer mean in preterite?

tried to

Which verbs stem-change in preterite?

Only -ir verbs in él/ellos form

When is imperfect used?

Ongoing or habitual past actions, descriptions

What are imperfect clues?

siempre, todos los días, mientras, de niño

What are the AR endings in imperfect (yo)?

-aba

What are the ER/IR endings in imperfect (yo)?

-ía

Name the irregular imperfect verbs.

ir, ser, ver

What is the imperfect of ir?

iba

What is the imperfect of ser?

era

What is the imperfect of ver?

veía

What is 'para' generally used for?

Purpose or forever (siempre)

What does 'por ejemplo' mean?

for example

What does 'por lo general' mean?

in general

What does 'por si acaso' mean?

just in case

What does 'para colmo' mean?

to top it all off

What are reflexive verbs?

Actions done to oneself

What is the reflexive pronoun for yo?

me

What is the reflexive pronoun for tú?

te

What is the reflexive pronoun for él/ella/usted?

se

What is the reflexive pronoun for nosotros?

nos

What indicates a reciprocal action with ellos/ustedes?

se + verb

What indicates a reciprocal action including yourself?

nos + verb

Give an example of a reciprocal verb.

Se aman (they love each other)

What does 'algo' mean?

something

What does 'nada' mean?

nothing

What does 'alguien' mean?

someone

What does 'nadie' mean?

no one

What does 'siempre' mean?

always

What does 'nunca' mean?

never

What is a double negative rule?

Use two negatives in the sentence

What does 'ni siquiera' mean?

not even

When do you use subjunctive?

Wishes, emotions, doubt, impersonal, etc. (WEDDING)

How do you form subjunctive verbs?

Yo form → drop -o → opposite endings

What are the AR subjunctive endings?

e, es, e, emos, en

What are the ER/IR subjunctive endings?

a, as, a, amos, an

What does DISHES stand for?

Dar, Ir, Ser, Haber, Estar, Saber

What is the subjunctive of dar?

dé

What is the subjunctive of ir?

vaya

What is the subjunctive of ser?

sea

Who is the main character in A Better Life?

Carlos

What is Carlos's job?

Gardener

Where does Carlos work?

Los Angeles

Why does Carlos work hard?

To give his son a better life

What happens to Carlos's truck?

It is stolen

What happens at the end of A Better Life?

Carlos is deported

Who stays in the U.S. in A Better Life?

His son Luis